Positionspapier für eine beanspruchungsorientierte Trainingsgestaltung im Krafttraining

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Strength Training ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Adaptation Effect ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Muscle Action ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
The Individual

Strength training guidelines tend to be based on stress factors such as relative weight, repetitions, sets, rest inbetween sets, muscle action velocity and number of sessions per week. Based on the stress-strain-concept, empirical results and training experience require additional parameters related to the molecular and cellular adaptations for an effective strength training concept. In contrast to what has generally been assumed, it is notable that the individual percentage of 1-Repetition-Maximum (1 RM) is not the intensity but only a relative training load and therefore a stress factor. Intensity is referred to here as a strain factor, operationalized as the level of effort applied to a given load. For example, it can be measured by the level of perceived exertion. To identify the adaptation effect of a training load, commonly disregarded parameters like muscle action modes per repetition, duration of one repetition, rest in-between repetitions, and time under tension must first be specified. Toigo and Boutellier (2006) indicated the importance of these determinants, and current findings support and complement their viewpoint. Further extensive and systematic follow-up studies are required to provide an evaluation of this approach. For papers on strength training, a proposed set of new determinants is put forward as a documentation standard for future research in the field of strength training. Existing textbooks should be modified accordingly.

Importance of Various Training-Load Measures in Injury Incidence of Professional Rugby League Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 819-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi R. Thornton ◽  
Jace A. Delaney ◽  
Grant M. Duthie ◽  
Ben J. Dascombe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Rugby League ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Injury Incidence ◽  
The Individual

Purpose:To investigate the ability of various internal and external training-load (TL) monitoring measures to predict injury incidence among positional groups in professional rugby league athletes.Methods:TL and injury data were collected across 3 seasons (2013–2015) from 25 players competing in National Rugby League competition. Daily TL data were included in the analysis, including session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE-TL), total distance (TD), high-speed-running distance (>5 m/s), and high-metabolic-power distance (HPD; >20 W/kg). Rolling sums were calculated, nontraining days were removed, and athletes’ corresponding injury status was marked as “available” or “unavailable.” Linear (generalized estimating equations) and nonlinear (random forest; RF) statistical methods were adopted.Results:Injury risk factors varied according to positional group. For adjustables, the TL variables associated most highly with injury were 7-d TD and 7-d HPD, whereas for hit-up forwards they were sRPE-TL ratio and 14-d TD. For outside backs, 21- and 28-d sRPE-TL were identified, and for wide-running forwards, sRPE-TL ratio. The individual RF models showed that the importance of the TL variables in injury incidence varied between athletes.Conclusions:Differences in risk factors were recognized between positional groups and individual athletes, likely due to varied physiological capacities and physical demands. Furthermore, these results suggest that robust machine-learning techniques can appropriately monitor injury risk in professional team-sport athletes.

Perceived Exertion in Coaches and Young Swimmers With Different Training Experience

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 212-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renato Barroso ◽  
Ronaldo K. Cardoso ◽  
Everton Crivoi Carmo ◽  
Valmor Tricoli
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Intensity ◽  
Training Experience ◽  
Competitive Swimming ◽  
Performance Development

Session rating of perceived exertion (SRPE) is a practical method to assess internal training load to provide appropriate stimuli. However, coaches and athletes might rate training sessions differently, which can impair performance development. In addition, SRPE might be influenced by athletes’ training experience. The authors studied 160 swimmers of different age groups and different competitive swimming experience and 9 coaches. SRPE was indicated by the swimmers 30 min after the end of a training session and before the training session by the coaches. Training-session intensities were classified into easy (SRPE <3), moderate (SRPE 3–5), and difficult (SRPE >5), based on coaches’ perception. We observed that the correlation between coaches’ and athletes’ SRPE increased with increased age and competitive swimming experience, r = .31 for the 11- to 12-y-old group (P < .001), r = .51 for the 13- to 14-y-old group (P < .001), and r = .74 for the 15- to 16-y-old group (P < .001). In addition, younger swimmers (11–12 y, P < .01; 13–14 y, P < .01) rated training intensity differently from coaches in all 3 categories (easy, moderate, and difficult), while the older group rated differently in only 1 category (difficult, P < .01). These findings suggest that the more experienced swimmers are, the more accurate their SRPE is.

scholarly journals The Effect of Autoregulated Flywheel and Traditional Strength Training on Training Load Progression and Motor Skill Performance in Youth Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3479
Author(s):  
Niklas Westblad ◽  
Henrik Petré ◽  
Andreas Kårström ◽  
Niklas Psilander ◽  
Glenn Björklund
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Motor Skill ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Height Velocity ◽  
Peak Height Velocity ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Youth Athletes

Background: The effects of flywheel resistance training (FRT) on youth are relatively unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of autoregulated FRT with traditional strength training (TST) on jumping, running performance and resistance training load progression in youth athletes. Thirty youth athletes (11.8 ± 0.9 yr) were matched for peak height velocity (PHV) status and block-randomised into two groups: FRT (n = 15, PHV −0.8 ± 1.6) and TST (n = 15, PHV −0.8 ± 1.5). Twelve resistance training sessions over a six-week intervention with flywheel or barbell squats were performed using autoregulated load prescription. Squat jump (SJ); countermovement jump (CMJ); and 10 m, 20 m and 30 m sprints were assessed pre- and post-intervention. The external load increased similarly for FRT and TST (z = 3.8, p = 0.06). SJ increased for both groups (p < 0.05) but running performance was unaffected (p > 0.05). Conclusions: FRT resulted in similar load progression and motor skill development in youth athletes as TST, but the perceived exertion was less. Autoregulation is a practical method for adjusting training load during FRT and should be considered as an alternative to autoregulated TST.

scholarly journals Can the talk test be used to predict training induced changes in ventilatory threshold?

Kinesiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-168
Author(s):  
Kristen M. Deal ◽  
Carl Foster ◽  
Salvador Jaime ◽  
Richard P. Mikat ◽  
Kim Radtke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
The Individual

This study was designed to assess the ability of the Talk Test (TT) to track training-related changes in ventilatory threshold (VT). Thirteen recreational athletes (20.5±1.91 years, males=7) completed two incremental exercise tests (one with respiratory gas exchange and one with the TT) before and after six weeks of self-directed increases in training load. The TT was used to predict VT by assessing the ability to speak comfortably after three-minute exercise stages, based on speech comfort while reciting a 100-word passage. Training load was documented from exercise logs based on session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and training duration. Repeated measures ANOVA, with the Tukey’s post-hoc analysis, was used to detect differences between the changes in power output (PO) at the equivocal stage of the Talk Test (EQ) and VT measured by gas exchange (p&lt;.05). Significant mean differences were found between pre- vs. post-training PO and measured VT (116+32.4 vs. 134+32.4 Watts) (p&lt;.05) but not at the EQ stage of the TT (125+40.8 vs. 135+29.8 Watts). The increase in PO at VT (+15.5%) was significantly underestimated by the change in PO at the EQ stage of the TT (+8.0%). The correlation between changes in PO at VT and PO at the EQ stage of the TT was r=0.66, p&lt;.01. However, about 50% of participants did not change their PO at the EQ stage of the TT, so the individual correspondence between TT and measured VT was only moderately strong.

scholarly journals The Impact of Chronotype on the Sleep and Training Responses of Elite Female Australian Footballers

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 528-535
Author(s):  
Michele Lastella ◽  
Dean J. Miller ◽  
Manuella Quilelli ◽  
Spencer Roberts ◽  
Brad Aisbett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Training Time ◽  
Time In Bed ◽  
Circadian Preference ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Training

The primary aims of the present study were to examine the impact of chronotype on sleep/wake behaviour, perceived exertion, and training load among professional footballers. Thirty-six elite female professional football player’s (mean ± SD: age, 25 ± 4 y; weight, 68 ± 7 kg) sleep and training behaviours were examined for 10 consecutive nights during a pre-season period using a self-report online player-management system and wrist activity monitors. All athletes completed the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) on the first day of data collection. Eleven participants were morning types, seventeen participants were intermediate types, and three participants were evening types. Separate linear mixed models were conducted to assess differences in sleep, perceived exertion, and training behaviours between chronotype groups. Morning types woke up earlier (wake time: 07:19 ± 01:16 vs. 07:53 ± 01:01, p = 0.04) and reported higher ratings of perceived exertion compared to intermediate types (6.7 ± 1.1 vs. 5.9 ± 1.2, p = 0.01). No differences were observed between chronotype groups for bedtime, time in bed, total sleep time, sleep efficiency, training duration, or training load. In circumstances where professional female football players are required to train at a time opposing their natural circadian preference (e.g., morning type training in the evening), their perceived exertion during training may be higher than that of players that are training at a time that aligns with their natural circadian preference (e.g., evening type training in the evening). It is important for practitioners to monitor individual trends in training variables (e.g., rating of perceived exertion, training load) with relation to athlete chronotype and training time. Future research should examine the relationship between chronotype, training time, and rating of perceived exertion across different training durations.

scholarly journals An Examination of Training Load, Match Activities, and Health Problems in Norwegian Youth Elite Handball Players Over One Competitive Season

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian T. Bjørndal ◽  
Lena K. Bache-Mathiesen ◽  
Siv Gjesdal ◽  
Christine H. Moseid ◽  
Grethe Myklebust ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Talent Development ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Competitive Season ◽  
International Team ◽  
School Programs ◽  
The Mean

Talent development is integral to the policy and organizational practice of competitive sport, but has also been associated with excessive amounts of training and competition, and athlete injuries and illnesses. The lack of available prospective data on the training and match activities of youth athletes and their health problems is therefore of concern. The aim of this study was two-fold: (a) to examine the amount and frequency of training load, match activities, injury and illness incidence, and prevalence among Norwegian youth elite handball players over the course of the 2018–2019 competitive season; and (b) to explore whether the injury rates are related to the sex or competition level of players, or their membership of the youth international team. We recruited 205 handball players (64% female, 36% male), aged 15–18 years (17.2 years ± 0.9) from five different sport school programs in southeast Norway. Data were collected daily from September 2018 to May 2019, during the competitive handball season. The variables included types of athlete activities, the number of activities, the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and the duration of training and matches. Injury and illness data were collected weekly using the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center (OSTRC) questionnaire. The mean number of matches per week per player was 0.9 ± 1.29; the number of weekly training events was 6.1 ± 4.4; and the mean weekly session RPE was 986 ± 1 412 arbitrary units. The players reported a total of 472 injuries, and the mean number of injuries per player was 2.3 ± 2.9. The results demonstrated a 53% weekly injury prevalence, of which 38% were categorized as substantial injuries. Male players and players who participated at the highest level of senior competition and/or the youth international team reported significantly lower weekly incidences of health problems, compared to other players. Our findings showed that players enrolled in sport school programs are exposed to high training and competition loads, and that both general and substantial health problems are common. The potential implications for talent development and future research are discussed.

scholarly journals Monitoring Accumulated Training and Match Load in Football: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3906
Author(s):  
José E. Teixeira ◽  
Pedro Forte ◽  
Ricardo Ferraz ◽  
Miguel Leal ◽  
Joana Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
External Load ◽  
Load Distribution ◽  
English Language ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Position Measurement ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
Load Monitoring

(1) Background: Training load monitoring has become a relevant research-practice gap to control training and match demands in team sports. However, there are no systematic reviews about accumulated training and match load in football. (2) Methods: Following the preferred reporting item for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), a systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed from earliest record to March 2020. The search included descriptors relevant to football, training load, and periodization. (3) Results: The literature search returned 7972 articles (WoS = 1204; Pub-Med = 869, SCOPUS = 5083, and SportDiscus = 816). After screening, 36 full-text articles met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Eleven of the included articles analyzed weekly training load distribution; fourteen, the weekly training load and match load distribution; and eleven were about internal and external load relationships during training. The reviewed articles were based on short-telemetry systems (n = 12), global positioning tracking systems (n = 25), local position measurement systems (n = 3), and multiple-camera systems (n = 3). External load measures were quantified with distance and covered distance in different speed zones (n = 27), acceleration and deceleration (n = 13) thresholds, accelerometer metrics (n = 11), metabolic power output (n = 4), and ratios/scores (n = 6). Additionally, the internal load measures were reported with perceived exertion (n = 16); heart-rate-based measures were reported in twelve studies (n = 12). (4) Conclusions: The weekly microcycle presented a high loading variation and a limited variation across a competitive season. The magnitude of loading variation seems to be influenced by the type of week, player’s starting status, playing positions, age group, training mode and contextual variables. The literature has focused mainly on professional men; future research should be on the youth and female accumulated training/match load monitoring.

scholarly journals Quantifying Sub-Elite Youth Football Weekly Training Load and Recovery Variation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4871
Author(s):  
José E. Teixeira ◽  
Pedro Forte ◽  
Ricardo Ferraz ◽  
Miguel Leal ◽  
Joana Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Total Quality ◽  
Youth Football ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Weekly Training ◽  
External Training ◽  
Recovery Status

Monitoring the training load in football is an important strategy to improve athletic performance and an effective training periodization. The aim of this study was two-fold: (1) to quantify the weekly training load and recovery status variations performed by under-15, under-17 and under-19 sub-elite young football players; and (2) to analyze the influence of age, training day, weekly microcycle, training and playing position on the training load and recovery status. Twenty under-15, twenty under-17 and twenty under-19 players were monitored over a 2-week period during the first month of the 2019–2020 competitive season. Global positioning system technology (GPS) was used to collect external training loads: total distance covered, average speed, maximal running speed, relative high-speed running distance, high metabolic load distance, sprinting distance, dynamic stress load, accelerations and decelerations. Internal training load was monitored using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Recovery status was obtained using the total quality recovery (TQR) scale. The results show an age-related influence for external training load (p ≤ 0.001; d = 0.29–0.86; moderate to strong effect), internal training load (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.12–0.69; minimum to strong effect) and recovery status (p ≤ 0.001, d = 0.59; strong effect). The external training load presented differences between training days (p < 0.05, d = 0.26–0.95; moderate to strong effect). The playing position had a minimum effect on the weekly training load (p < 0.05; d = 0.06–0.18). The weekly microcycle had a moderate effect in the TD (p < 0.05, d = 0.39), RPE (p < 0.05; d = 0.35) and sRPE (p < 0.05, d = 0.35). Interaction effects were found between the four factors analyzed for deceleration (F = 2.819, p = 0.017) and between inter-day, inter-week and age for total covered distance (F = 8.342, p = 0.008). This study provided specific insights about sub-elite youth football training load and recovery status to monitor training environments and load variations. Future research should include a longer monitoring period to assess training load and recovery variations across different season phases.

scholarly journals Quantification of training and match-play load across a season in professional youth football players

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110003
Author(s):  
Patrick C Maughan ◽  
Niall G MacFarlane ◽  
Paul A Swinton
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Mixed Linear Models ◽  
Match Play ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Youth Football

The purpose of this study was to quantify load across an entire season for professional youth football players and assess the effects of stage of season, playing position and training day relative to match day (MD). Data from ratings of perceived exertion and seven global positioning system (GPS) derived measures of external training load were collected from 20 players across a 47-week season. Mixed linear models were used to assess the effects of stage of season, training proximity to match day (e.g. MD-1, MD-2) and position across each dependent variable. Training proximity to match day was found to have the most substantive effect with effect sizes ranging from small ([Formula: see text] to large ([Formula: see text]. Across training load measures, mean values collected on match day were on average 47% higher than all other sessions. Whilst significant regression coefficients were obtained for playing position (p ≤ 0.003) and stage of season (p ≤ 0.049), effect sizes were close to zero ([Formula: see text]in each instance. This study provides insight into the season-long training and match-play demands of a professional youth football team. It highlights the significant impact of match-play on load and supports the use of multiple methods of collecting training load data. Overall, there was limited variation in mean values of dependent variables across playing position, stage of the season and loading during midweek training. These findings highlight the need for future research to investigate whether greater systematic variations in training load can be used to increase physical fitness and maximise physical performance during competition.

Development of a German-Language Questionnaire to Measure Collective Orientation as an Individual Attitude

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
German Language ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Collective Orientation ◽  
Team Research ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. The individual attitudes of every single team member are important for team performance. Studies show that each team member’s collective orientation – that is, propensity to work in a collective manner in team settings – enhances the team’s interdependent teamwork. In the German-speaking countries, there was previously no instrument to measure collective orientation. So, I developed and validated a German-language instrument to measure collective orientation. In three studies (N = 1028), I tested the validity of the instrument in terms of its internal structure and relationships with other variables. The results confirm the reliability and validity of the instrument. The instrument also predicts team performance in terms of interdependent teamwork. I discuss differences in established individual variables in team research and the role of collective orientation in teams. In future research, the instrument can be applied to diagnose teamwork deficiencies and evaluate interventions for developing team members’ collective orientation.

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