scholarly journals The revival of bare-knuckle boxing: is this early form of pugilism actually more dangerous than modern boxing?

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Early Form ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Clear Objective ◽  
Over Time

Boxing is a sport with a clear objective: to hit and not get hit. Despite all the rules and regulations that have been conceived for safety purposes over time, boxing will always be a hurting business at the end of the day. The sweet science is unique from all other contact sports, like hockey and football, in that the damage inflicted on your opponent is deliberate [1].

Special Topics in Contact Sport Athletes and Others with Multiple Concussions

2014 ◽  
pp. 131-132
Author(s):  
David L Brody
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy ◽  
Professional Sports ◽  
Septum Pellucidum ◽  
Mri Scan ◽  
Cavum Septum Pellucidum ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Behavioral Abnormalities ◽  
Over Time

This chapter considers issues in patients with multiple concussions. These patients must consider when to retire from contact sports. Help the patient, family, and peers think through the decision carefully. Educate them about the risk of serious and currently untreatable long-term problems such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Discuss potential for a future professional sports career versus other career as well as interpersonal and family aspirations. Patients want to know if they have CTE. There is no way to tell for sure while they are alive. High-risk features may include progressive worsening over time, prominent mood and behavioral abnormalities, parkinsonism, and a cavum septum pellucidum on MRI scan. Treatment is entirely based on relieving symptoms and keeping the patient safe.

Interaction in early modern news discourse: the case of English witchcraft pamphlets and their prefaces (1566–1621)

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisda Chaemsaithong
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Early Form ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
Writer Identities ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThis investigation examines the interactional dimension of the preface section of an early form of news discourse. Informed by the framework of metadiscourse and incorporating insights from the study of stance and evaluation, this study explicates the ways in which the witchcraft pamphleteers strategically structured and designed the texts to secure readers' agreement through conceptual interaction. Differences in the selection of metadiscourse contributed to different writer identities and reflected generic conventions that occurred over time.

Bauern – Schulzen – Gutsbesitzer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Alexander Krethlow
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Tenure System ◽  
The University ◽  
Over Time

The author focuses on the geographical and social mobility in Western Pomerania using the example of three villages that were owned by the University of Greifswald for centuries. It becomes clear that systematic attempts by the authorities to bind the subjects to serfdom usually failed. Serfdom sometimes even bore the characteristics of an early form of welfare state. When it was abolished, little changed in the tenure system at first. Over time, farms expanded and reached the scale of large estates. Now, peasants benefited and sometimes even became owners of noble manors. The migration to cities and abroad then led to the educated bourgeoisie.

scholarly journals A longitudinal exploration of pain tolerance and participation in contact sports

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Thornton ◽  
David Sheffield ◽  
Andrew Baird
Keyword(s):  
Pain Intensity ◽  
Experimental Pain ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
American Football ◽  
Pain Coping ◽  
Cold Pain ◽  
Contact Sports ◽  
Over Time

AbstractBackground/aims Athletes who choose to engage in contact sports do so with the knowledge that participation will bring pain in the form of contact with others, injury, and from exertion. Whilst athletes who play contact sports have been shown to have higher pain tolerance than those who do not, it is unclear whether this is a result of habituation over time, or as a result of individual differences at the outset. The aim was to compare pain responses over an athletic season in athletes who participated in contact sport and those who disengaged from it.Methods One hundred and two new contact athletes completed measures of cold and ischaemic pain tolerance, perceived pain intensity, pain bothersomeness, pain coping styles and attendance at the start, middle (4 months) and end (8 months) of their season. The athletes were drawn from martial arts, rugby and American football. Cluster analysis placed 47 athletes into a participating category and 55 into a non-participating cluster.ResultsParticipating athletes had higher ischaemic pain tolerance at the start (r = 0.27, p = 0.05), middle (r = 0.41, p < 0.0001) and end of the season (r = 0.57, p < 0.0001) compared to non-participating athletes. In addition participating athletes were more tolerant to cold pain at the end of the season (r = 0.39, p < 0.0001), compared to non-participating athletes. Participating athletes also exhibited higher direct coping, catastrophized less about injury pain and also found contact pain to be less bothersome physically and psychologically compared to non-participating athletes. Participating athletes were more tolerant of ischaemic pain at the end of the season compared to the start (r = 0.28, p = 0.04). Conversely nonparticipating athletes became significantly less tolerant to both pain stimuli by the end of the season (cold pressor; r = 0.54, p < 0.0001; ischaemia; r = 0.43, p = 0.006). Pain intensity as measured by a visual analogue scale did not change over the season for both groups.Conclusions Those who cease participation in contact sports become less pain tolerant of experimental pain, possibly a result of catastrophizing. The results suggest that athletes who commit to contact sports find pain less bothersome over time, possibly as a result of experience and learning to cope with pain. Athletes who continue to participate in contact sports have a higher pain tolerance, report less bothersomeness and have higher direct coping than those who drop out. In addition, tolerance to ischaemic pain increased over the season for participating athletes.ImplicationsHaving a low pain tolerance should not prevent athletes from taking part in contact sports, as pain becomes less bothersome in athletes who adhere to such activities. Participating in contact sports may result in maintained cold pain tolerance, increased ischaemic pain tolerance, reduced catastrophizing and better coping skills. Coaches can therefore work with athletes to develop pain coping strategies to aid adherence to contact sports.

Social transmission bias and the cultural evolution of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Hirshleifer ◽  
Siew Hong Teoh
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Economic Attitudes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEvolved dispositions influence, but do not determine, how people think about economic problems. The evolutionary cognitive approach offers important insights but underweights the social transmission of ideas as a level of explanation. The need for asocialexplanation for the evolution of economic attitudes is evidenced, for example, by immense variations in folk-economic beliefs over time and across individuals.

An Ultra-Structural Study of Human Melanoma in Vivo and Vitro

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 258-259
Author(s):  
James R. Gaylor ◽  
Fredda Schafer ◽  
Robert E. Nordquist
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Protein Aggregation ◽  
Structural Study ◽  
Human Melanoma ◽  
Protein Matrix ◽  
Early Form ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein ◽  
Mitochondrial Origin

Several theories on the origin of the melanosome exist. These include the Golgi origin theory, in which a tyrosinase-rich protein is "packaged" by the Golgi apparatus, thus forming the early form of the melanosome. A second theory postulates a mitochondrial origin of melanosomes. Its author contends that the melanosome is a modified mitochondria which acquires melanin during its development. A third theory states that a pre-melanosome is formed in the smooth or rough endoplasmic reticulum. Protein aggregation is suggested by one author as a possible source of the melanosome. This fourth theory postulates that the melanosome originates when the protein products of several genetic loci aggregate in the cytoplasm of the melanocyte. It is this protein matrix on which the melanin is deposited. It was with these theories in mind that this project was undertaken.

Articulatory Generalization in Two Word-Medial, Ambisyllabic Contexts

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia I. Wolfe ◽  
Suzanne D. Blocker ◽  
Norma J. Prater
Keyword(s):  
Common View ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
The Common ◽  
Unitary Concept ◽  
Over Time

Articulatory generalization of velar cognates /k/, /g/ in two phonologically disordered children was studied over time as a function of sequential word-morpheme position training. Although patterns of contextual acquisition differed, correct responses to the word-medial, inflected context (e.g., "picking," "hugging") occurred earlier and exceeded those to the word-medial, noninflected context (e.g., "bacon," "wagon"). This finding indicates that the common view of the word-medial position as a unitary concept is an oversimplification. Possible explanations for superior generalization to the word-medial, inflected position are discussed in terms of coarticulation, perceptual salience, and the representational integrity of the word.

Treatment Fidelity Procedures for an Aphasia Intervention Within a Randomized Controlled Trial: Design, Feasibility, and Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1S) ◽  
pp. 412-424
Author(s):  
Elissa L. Conlon ◽  
Emily J. Braun ◽  
Edna M. Babbitt ◽  
Leora R. Cherney
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Treatment Fidelity ◽  
Protocol Adherence ◽  
Study Condition ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Aphasia Therapy ◽  
Percent Accuracy ◽  
Over Time

Purpose This study reports on the treatment fidelity procedures implemented during a 5-year randomized controlled trial comparing intensive and distributed comprehensive aphasia therapy. Specifically, the results of 1 treatment, verb network strengthening treatment (VNeST), are examined. Method Eight participants were recruited for each of 7 consecutive cohorts for a total of 56 participants. Participants completed 60 hr of aphasia therapy, including 15 hr of VNeST. Two experienced speech-language pathologists delivered the treatment. To promote treatment fidelity, the study team developed a detailed manual of procedures and fidelity checklists, completed role plays to standardize treatment administration, and video-recorded all treatment sessions for review. To assess protocol adherence during treatment delivery, trained research assistants not involved in the treatment reviewed video recordings of a subset of randomly selected VNeST treatment sessions and completed the fidelity checklists. This process was completed for 32 participants representing 2 early cohorts and 2 later cohorts, which allowed for measurement of protocol adherence over time. Percent accuracy of protocol adherence was calculated across clinicians, cohorts, and study condition (intensive vs. distributed therapy). Results The fidelity procedures were sufficient to promote and verify a high level of adherence to the treatment protocol across clinicians, cohorts, and study condition. Conclusion Treatment fidelity strategies and monitoring are feasible when incorporated into the study design. Treatment fidelity monitoring should be completed at regular intervals during the course of a study to ensure that high levels of protocol adherence are maintained over time and across conditions.

Percutaneous Tracheostomy: A Multidisciplinary Approach

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinciya Pandian ◽  
Thai Tran Nguyen ◽  
Marek Mirski ◽  
Nasir Islam Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Quality Assurance ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Percutaneous Tracheostomy ◽  
Johns Hopkins Hospital ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
Comprehensive Service ◽  
Over Time

Abstract The techniques of performing a tracheostomy has transformed over time. Percutaneous tracheostomy is gaining popularity over open tracheostomy given its advantages and as a result the number of bedside tracheostomies has increased necessitating the need for a Percutaneous Tracheostomy Program. The Percutaneous Tracheostomy Program at the Johns Hopkins Hospital is a comprehensive service that provides care to patients before, during, and after a tracheostomy with a multidisciplinary approach aimed at decreasing complications. Education is provided to patients, families, and health-care professionals who are involved in the management of a tracheostomy. Ongoing prospective data collection serves as a tool for Quality Assurance.

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