Smoke alarms using scattered light, transmitted light or ionization

A technique is presented to measure platelet aggregation (PA) and platelet shape change (PSC) with high accuracy in small samples (100 ul) using a turbidimetric method wich a He-Ne-Laser as light source. Both, transmitted and scattered light, Is measured by two independent light sensitive elements. Transmitted light is detected by a photodiode with a sensitive area of 1 mm2 covering a space angle of Ω= 0.004 sterad. Scattered light is detected by a photoelement surrounding the photodiode which covers a space angle of U-1.4 sterad. Ar, electronic set up forms a signal, which is proportional to the ratio scattered light/scattered light + transmitted light.The output voltage is linearly correlated to the turbidity of the suspension. The whole set up is employed with three different types of cuvettes.1. A cuvette where through a semipermeable hollow fiber membrane different drugs can diffuse into the platelet suspensions avoiding any stirring of the sample ()2. A flow through cuvette to measure the extent of PA in PRP samples.3. A couette type platelet aggregometer.

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Angular Transmittance Analysis of a Novel Thermotropic Material

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1155/2013/538164 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Jian Yao

Keyword(s):

Monte Carlo ◽

Monte Carlo Method ◽

Major Part ◽

Scattered Light ◽

Transmitted Light ◽

Switching Process ◽

Angle Distribution ◽

Different Temperatures

This paper uses inverse adding-doubling (IAD) method and Monte Carlo method for the simulation of the spectral angular transmittance of a novel kind of thermotropic material at different temperatures. The results show that the collimated light takes the major part at the beginning of the switching process and the scattered light is negligible. However, the scattered light increased to high above 80% of the total transmitted light with the largest angle distribution of scattered light about 30 degrees as temperature elevated.

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The application of scattered light to transmitted light rate in the measurement of milk constituents

10.1117/12.717804 ◽

2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zhen Zhou ◽

Juan Wu ◽

Zhongyu Zou ◽

Hong Zhao

Keyword(s):

Scattered Light ◽

Transmitted Light

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Research on Theory and Experiment of Milk Ingredients Analysis with Laser

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.307 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 274 ◽

pp. 307-311

Author(s):

Guo Chao Ding ◽

Zhen Zhou ◽

Yan Long Liu ◽

Ying Nan Liu ◽

Jin Ying Yin

Keyword(s):

Light Source ◽

Scattered Light ◽

Milk Powder ◽

Transmitted Light ◽

Experimental Device ◽

Relation Model ◽

Theory And Experiment

In this paper, the laser is used as light source and interacted with the solution of milk powder; scattered light-to-transmitted light ratio is used to characterize the milk macromolecules. At first, this paper analyzes the theory of scattered light-to-transmitted light ratio，and a relation model is preliminarily built between the macromolecules and the ratio, then the parameters of the model are fitted through self-made experimental device. The relation model between the fat and protein of milk and the ratio is established.

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Light Scattering in Stretched Rubber

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3539512 ◽

1940 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 285-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

H. A. Schwarzenbach

Keyword(s):

Light Scattering ◽

Visible Light ◽

Test Specimen ◽

Scattered Light ◽

Transmitted Light ◽

Bright Spot ◽

Special Device ◽

Experimental Apparatus ◽

First Results

Abstract It is already known that when pure rubber is stretched in one direction it acquires a lustre. This means that light falling upon it is scattered with appreciably different intensities at various angles to the direction in which the rubber is stretched. In view of this and in connection with earlier experiments, a study of the scattering of visible light by stretched rubber was undertaken and the first results are reported in a brief way in the present paper. First of all, however, it is well to describe the experimental apparatus and technique which were used. A practically parallel, sharp beam of light was produced, the direction of which may be represented by the X-axis of a system of right-angle coordinates. The rubber test-specimen, in the form of a strip, was placed in such a position in the path of this beam of light that it was illuminated by the beam at right angles to its surface. In other words, the specimen lay in the YZ plane of the coördinate system and by means of a special device it could be stretched in the Z direction. At a suitable distance behind the test-specimen a smooth, transparent paper screen was placed, likewise at right angles to the direction of the beam of light. The distribution of the scattered light around the bright spot formed by the transmitted light could be observed by eye and could be photographed by a camera. Samples of rubber as nearly pure as possible and containing no fillers were examined, including not only films prepared from pure unvulcanized and partially vulcanized latex, but also strips prepared from commercial sheets of “patent rubber” and from Para rubber.

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Multi-mode light microscopy of microtubule assembly dynamics and chromosome movement in vivo and In vitro

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100166117 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 730-731

Author(s):

E. D. Salmon ◽

J. C. Waters ◽

C. Waterman-Storer

Keyword(s):

Imaging System ◽

Ccd Camera ◽

Transmitted Light ◽

Microtubule Assembly ◽

Live Cells ◽

Optical Efficiency ◽

Multiple Band ◽

Multi Mode

We have developed a multi-mode digital imaging system which acquires images with a cooled CCD camera (Figure 1). A multiple band pass dichromatic mirror and robotically controlled filter wheels provide wavelength selection for epi-fluorescence. Shutters select illumination either by epi-fluorescence or by transmitted light for phase contrast or DIC. Many of our experiments involve investigations of spindle assembly dynamics and chromosome movements in live cells or unfixed reconstituted preparations in vitro in which photodamage and phototoxicity are major concerns. As a consequence, a major factor in the design was optical efficiency: achieving the highest image quality with the least number of illumination photons. This principle applies to both epi-fluorescence and transmitted light imaging modes. In living cells and extracts, microtubules are visualized using X-rhodamine labeled tubulin. Photoactivation of C2CF-fluorescein labeled tubulin is used to locally mark microtubules in studies of microtubule dynamics and translocation. Chromosomes are labeled with DAPI or Hoechst DNA intercalating dyes.

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Three dimensional deblurring of transmitted-light brightfield micrographs

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100148654 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 564-565

Author(s):

Santosh Bhattacharyya

Keyword(s):

Image Reconstruction ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Transmitted Light ◽

Reconstruction Algorithms ◽

3D Image Reconstruction ◽

Structural Details ◽

Spread Function ◽

Early Testing ◽

Linearized Model ◽

Image Reconstruction Algorithms

Three dimensional microscopic structures play an important role in the understanding of various biological and physiological phenomena. Structural details of neurons, such as the density, caliber and volumes of dendrites, are important in understanding physiological and pathological functioning of nervous systems. Even so, many of the widely used stains in biology and neurophysiology are absorbing stains, such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP), and yet most of the iterative, constrained 3D optical image reconstruction research has concentrated on fluorescence microscopy. It is clear that iterative, constrained 3D image reconstruction methodologies are needed for transmitted light brightfield (TLB) imaging as well. One of the difficulties in doing so, in the past, has been in determining the point spread function of the system.We have been developing several variations of iterative, constrained image reconstruction algorithms for TLB imaging. Some of our early testing with one of them was reported previously. These algorithms are based on a linearized model of TLB imaging.

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