Water reuse in urban areas -- Guidelines for water reuse safety evaluation -- Assessment parameters and methods

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Safety Evaluation

Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of grey water for reuse requirements and treatment alternatives: the case of Jordan

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 1385-1396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Abu Ghunmi ◽  
Grietje Zeeman ◽  
Jules van Lier ◽  
Manar Fayyed
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Design Parameter ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Physical Treatment ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Hydraulic Load

The objective of this work is to assess the potentials and requirements for grey water reuse in Jordan. The results revealed that urban, rural and dormitory grey water production rate and concentration of TS, BOD5, COD and pathogens varied between 18–66 L cap−1d−1, 848–1,919, 200–1,056, and 560–2,568 mg L−1 and 6.9E2–2.7E5 CFU mL−1, respectively. The grey water compromises 64 to 85% of the total water flow in the rural and urban areas. Storing grey water is inevitable to meet reuse requirements in terms of volume and timing. All the studied grey waters need treatment, in terms of solids, BOD5, COD and pathogens, before storage and reuse. Storage and physical treatment, as a pretreatment step should be avoided, since it produces unstable effluents and non-stabilized sludge. However, extensive biological treatment can combine storage and physical treatments. Furthermore, a batch-fed biological treatment system combining anaerobic and aerobic processes copes with the fluctuations in the hydrographs and pollutographs as well as the present nutrients. The inorganic content of grey water in Jordan is about drinking water quality and does not need treatment. Moreover, the grey water SAR values were 3–7, revealing that the concentrations of monovalent and divalent cations comply with agricultural demand in Jordan. The observed patterns in the hydrographs and pollutographs showed that the hydraulic load could be used for the design of both physical and biological treatment units for dormitories and hotels. For family houses the hydraulic load was identified as the key design parameter for physical treatment units and the organic load is the key design parameter for biological treatment units.

Evaluation of a portable in-house greywater treatment system for potential water-reuse in urban areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shashi Kant ◽  
Fouad H. Jaber ◽  
R. Karthikeyan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Treatment System

scholarly journals Revisiting Soil Aquifer Treatment: Improving Biodegradation and Filtration Efficiency Using a Highly Porous Material

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3593
Author(s):  
Joshua Brooks ◽  
Noam Weisbrod ◽  
Edo Bar-Zeev
Keyword(s):  
Porous Material ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Filtration Efficiency ◽  
Natural Material ◽  
Soil Aquifer Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Highly Porous ◽  
Highly Porous Material

Soil aquifer treatment (SAT) is an established and sustainable wastewater treatment approach for water reuse that has been gaining increased attention in various countries around the world. Increasing volumes of domestic wastewater and escalating real estate prices around urban areas emphasize the urgent need to maximize the treatment efficiency by revisiting the SAT setup. In this study, a novel approach was examined to increase biodegradation rates and improve the quality of SAT topsoil effluent. Experiments with midscale, custom-made columns were carried out with sand collected from an operational SAT and a highly permeable natural material with high internal porosity, tuff, which was maturated (i.e., buried in the SAT infiltration basin) for 3 months. The filtration efficiency, biodegradation rates of organic material, microbial diversity, and outflow quality were compared between the operational SAT sand and the tuff using state-of-the-art approaches. The results of this study indicate that biodegradation rates (9.2 µg C g−1d−1) and filtration efficiency were up to 2.5-fold higher within the tuff than the SAT sand. Furthermore, the biofilm community was markedly different between the two media, giving additional insights into the bacterial phyla responsible for biodegradation. The results highlight the advantage of using highly porous material to enhance the SAT filtration efficiency without extending the topsoil volume. Hence, infusing a permeable medium, comprising highly porous material, into the SAT topsoil could offer a simple approach to upgrade an already advantageous SAT in both developed and developing countries.

RAIL TRAFFIC SAFETY CONTROL IN REGIONS WITH NATURAL HAZARDS

2018 ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Alexey Elizariev ◽  
Tamila Titova ◽  
Elena Elizarieva ◽  
Rasul Akhtyamov ◽  
Vitaliy Gaponov
Keyword(s):  
Natural Hazards ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Urban Land ◽  
Safety Control ◽  
Railway Infrastructure ◽  
Complex Approach ◽  
Large Water

Objective: To conduct safety evaluation of urban land in the process of goods traffic by railway transport in regions with natural hazards on the basis of system approaches. Methods: During safety evaluation, modern urban areas were considered as a complex multilevel system, concentrated mainly in large water basins and characterized by the presence of the developed railway infrastructure. Results: A complex approach of determining natural and anthropogenic hazards interrelation within the limits of an urban land was introduced. By breaking the problem of natural and anthropogenic causes of contingency within the limits of an urban land, the processes and phenomena of interrelation were considered, which, in case of integrated accounting, provides an opportunity to improve the level of forecast of land resistance to hazard occurrence. Practical importance: The developed approach and calculation data make it possible on a reasonable basis, to select measures to increase resistance, to assess the necessity in efficiency improvement of hazardous processes and phenomena monitoring, as well as to restrict the use of transportation infrastructure elements.

Semi-centralised supply and treatment systems for (fast growing) urban areas

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 349-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Weber ◽  
P. Cornel ◽  
M. Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Local Supply ◽  
The One ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Mega Cities

Mega cities with rapid growth are challenged by two main problems concerning water supply and sanitation. One is water scarcity because local demand exceeds local supply. The other is that the infrastructure for water supply and the collection and treatment of wastewater cannot keep up with the rapid growth of the mega cities. The transfer of conventional centralised water and wastewater systems from industrialised countries to mega cities does not seem appropriate, because of the rapid and almost unpredictable growth in mega cities on the one hand and the regional shortage of water which requires an economical use and reuse wherever possible on the other hand. The transition from centralised to semi-centralised supply and treatment systems (SESATS) may be one method of resolution to the grave discrepancy between the rapid growth of cities and the provision of supply and treatment infrastructure. One important aspect of planning semi-centralised wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure including intra-urban water reuse is the assessment of the optimal size. Therefore, factors and indicators, which have an effect on the scale of semi-centralised sanitation systems, have to be developed. Beside the introduction in SESATS some of these factors, criteria and indicators and their effects on the system's scale will be introduced in this paper.

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