Methods for the use of B.S. fine mesh test sieves

1952 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Mesh

Observation of Concanavalin-A receptors on hydrated planar erythrocyte membrane film by in situ electron microscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 608-609
Author(s):  
Neng-Bo He ◽  
S.W. Hui
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Bilayers ◽  
Erythrocyte Membrane ◽  
Lipid Membranes ◽  
Surface Film ◽  
Biological Membranes ◽  
Electron Microscopic Observation ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Black Lipid Membranes ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Planar Films

Monolayers and planar "black" lipid membranes have been widely used as models for studying the structure and properties of biological membranes. Because of the lack of a suitable method to prepare these membranes for electron microscopic observation, their ultrastructure is so far not well understood. A method of forming molecular bilayers over the holes of fine mesh grids was developed by Hui et al. to study hydrated and unsupported lipid bilayers by electron diffraction, and to image phase separated domains by diffraction contrast. We now adapted the method of Pattus et al. of spreading biological membranes vesicles on the air-water interfaces to reconstitute biological membranes into unsupported planar films for electron microscopic study. hemoglobin-free human erythrocyte membrane stroma was prepared by hemolysis. The membranes were spreaded at 20°C on balanced salt solution in a Langmuir trough until a surface pressure of 20 dyne/cm was reached. The surface film was repeatedly washed by passing to adjacent troughs over shallow partitions (fig. 1).

The Added Value of Graphical Input and Display for Electron Lens Design

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 190-191
Author(s):  
B. Lencova ◽  
G. Wisselink
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Lens Design ◽  
Step Size ◽  
Magnetic Lens ◽  
Flux Lines ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Electron Lens ◽  
User Friendly

Recent progress in computer technology enables the calculation of lens fields and focal properties on commonly available computers such as IBM ATs. If we add to this the use of graphics, we greatly increase the applicability of design programs for electron lenses. Most programs for field computation are based on the finite element method (FEM). They are written in Fortran 77, so that they are easily transferred from PCs to larger machines.The design process has recently been made significantly more user friendly by adding input programs written in Turbo Pascal, which allows a flexible implementation of computer graphics. The input programs have not only menu driven input and modification of numerical data, but also graphics editing of the data. The input programs create files which are subsequently read by the Fortran programs. From the main menu of our magnetic lens design program, further options are chosen by using function keys or numbers. Some options (lens initialization and setting, fine mesh, current densities, etc.) open other menus where computation parameters can be set or numerical data can be entered with the help of a simple line editor. The "draw lens" option enables graphical editing of the mesh - see fig. I. The geometry of the electron lens is specified in terms of coordinates and indices of a coarse quadrilateral mesh. In this mesh, the fine mesh with smoothly changing step size is calculated by an automeshing procedure. The options shown in fig. 1 allow modification of the number of coarse mesh lines, change of coordinates of mesh points or lines, and specification of lens parts. Interactive and graphical modification of the fine mesh can be called from the fine mesh menu. Finally, the lens computation can be called. Our FEM program allows up to 8000 mesh points on an AT computer. Another menu allows the display of computed results stored in output files and graphical display of axial flux density, flux density in magnetic parts, and the flux lines in magnetic lenses - see fig. 2. A series of several lens excitations with user specified or default magnetization curves can be calculated and displayed in one session.

scholarly journals Post-fire consequences for leaf breakdown in a tropical stream

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renan de Souza Rezende ◽  
Cristiano Queiroz de Albuquerque ◽  
Andrezza Sayuri Victoriano Hirota ◽  
Paulo Fernandes Roges Souza Silva ◽  
Ricardo Keichi Umetsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Fungal Biomass ◽  
Mesh Size ◽  
Fire Effects ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Tropical Stream ◽  
Fire Event ◽  
Litter Bags ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Post Fire Effects

Abstract Aim Wildfire is a natural pulsed disturbance in landscapes of the Savannah Biome. This study evaluates short-term post-fire effects on leaf litter breakdown, the invertebrate community and fungal biomass of litter from three different vegetal species in a tropical stream. Methods Senescent leaves of Inga laurina, Protium spruceanum and Rircheria grandis (2 ± 0.1 g dry mass) were individually placed in litter bags (30 × 30 cm: 10 mm coarse mesh and 0.5 mm fine mesh) and submerged in the study stream before and after fire. Replicate bags (n = 4; individually for each species, sampling time, fire event and mesh size) were then retrieved after 20 and 40 days and washed to separate the invertebrates before fire event and again immediately after fire. Disks were cut from leaves to determine ash-free dry mass, while the remaining material was oven-dried to determine dry mass. Results The pre-fire mean decomposition coefficient (k = -0.012 day-1) was intermediate compared to that reported for other savannah streams, but post-fire it was lower (k = -0.007 day-1), due to decreased allochthonous litter input and increased autochthones production. Intermediate k values for all qualities of litter post-fire may indicate that fire is equalizing litter quality in the stream ecosystem. The abundance of scrapers was found to be more important than fungal biomass or shredder abundance, probably due to their functioning in leaf fragmentation while consuming periphyton growing on leaf litter. Conclusions Theses results indicate that fire can modify the relationships within decomposer communities in tropical stream ecosystems.

scholarly journals A Numerically Supported Investigation of the 3D Flow in Centrifugal Impellers: Part I — The Validation Base

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. Hirsch ◽  
S. Kang ◽  
G. Pointel
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Boundary Layer Separation ◽  
Numerical Approach ◽  
Secondary Flows ◽  
Pump Impeller ◽  
High Loss ◽  
Leakage Flows ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Radial Pump

The three-dimensional flow in centrifugal impellers is investigated on the basis of a detailed analysis of the results of numerical simulations. In order to gain confidence in this process, an in-depth validation is performed, based on computations of Krain’s centrifugal compressor and of a radial pump impeller, both with vaneless diffusers. Detailed comparisons with available experimental data provide high confidence in the numerical tools and results. The appearance of a high loss ‘wake’ region results from the transport of boundary layer material from the blade surfaces to the shroud region and its location depends on the balance between secondary and tip leakage flows and is not necessarily connected to 3D boundary layer separation. Although the low momentum spots near the shroud can interfere with 3D separated regions, the main outcome of the present analysis is that these are two distinct phenomena. Part I of this paper focuses on the validation base of the numerical approach, based on fine mesh simulations, while Part II presents an analysis of the different contributions to the secondary flows and attempts to estimate their effect on the overall flow pattern.

Experiments with a Regional Fine-Mesh Prediction Model

1970 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsuan-Heng Wang ◽  
Paul Halpern
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Fine Mesh

Structural topology optimization of bridge girders in cable supported bridges

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mads Baandrup ◽  
Ole Sigmund ◽  
Niels Aage
Keyword(s):  
Topology Optimization ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Bridge Girders ◽  
Structural Topology ◽  
Box Girders ◽  
Box Girder ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Further Development

<p>This work applies a ultra large scale topology optimization method to study the optimal structure of bridge girders in cable supported bridges.</p><p>The current classic orthotropic box girder designs are limited in further development and optimiza­ tion, and suffer from substantial fatigue issues. A great disadvantage of the orthotropic girder is the loads being carried one direction at a time, thus creating stress hot spots and fatigue problems. Hence, a new design concept has the potential to solve many of the limitations in the current state­ of-the-art.</p><p>We present a design method based on ultra large scale topology optimization. The highly detailed structures and fine mesh-discretization permitted by ultra large scale topology optimization reveal new design features and previously unseen eff ects. The results demonstrate the potential of gener­ ating completely different design solutions for bridge girders in cable supported bridges, which dif­ fer significantly from the classic orthotropic box girders.</p><p>The overall goal of the presented work is to identify new and innovative, but at the same time con­ structible and economically reasonable, solutions tobe implemented into the design of future cable supported bridges.</p>

IMPROVING THE FILM COOLING PERFORMANCE OF A TURBINE ENDWALL WITH MULTI-FIDELITY MODELING CONSIDERING CONJUGATE HEAT TRANSFER

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Hongyan Bu ◽  
Yufeng Yang ◽  
Liming Song ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Design Optimization ◽  
Film Cooling ◽  
Conjugate Heat Transfer ◽  
Inlet Temperature ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Cooling Performance ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Film Cooling Holes ◽  
Component Temperature

Abstract The gas turbine endwall is bearing extreme thermal loads with the rapid increase of turbine inlet temperature. Therefore, the effective cooling of turbine endwalls is of vital importance for the safe operation of turbines. In the design of endwall cooling layouts, numerical simulations based on conjugate heat transfer (CHT) are drawing more attention as the component temperature can be predicted directly. However, the computation cost of high-fidelity CHT analysis can be high and even prohibitive especially when there are many cases to evaluate such as in the design optimization of cooling layout. In this study, we established a multi-fidelity framework in which the data of low-fidelity CHT analysis was incorporated to help the building of a model that predicts the result of high-fidelity simulation. Based upon this framework, multi-fidelity design optimization of a validated numerical turbine endwall model was carried out. The high and low fidelity data were obtained from the computation of fine mesh and coarse mesh respectively. In the optimization, the positions of the film cooling holes were parameterized and controlled by a shape function. With the help of multi-fidelity modeling and sequentially evaluated designs, the cooling performance of the model endwall was improved efficiently.

Nonoperative Management of Distal Fingertip Amputations in Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Laurie J. Rosenthal ◽  
Mark A. Reiner ◽  
Michael A. Bleicher
Keyword(s):  
Nonoperative Management ◽  
Functional Result ◽  
Interphalangeal Joint ◽  
Distal Interphalangeal Joint ◽  
Antiseptic Solution ◽  
Nonoperative Therapy ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Nonsurgical Management ◽  
Good Cosmetic ◽  
Distal Interphalangeal

Success with the uncommonly recognized technique of nonoperative management of fingertip amputations in children has prompted presentation of four cases so treated in our institution. Previously, fingertips amputated distal to the distal interphalangeal joint have been observed to regenerate in children under 12 years of age.1,2 MATERIAL Our patients were 1, 2, 4, and 9 years old. They had injured the thumb, middle, index, and small fingers, respectively. The levels of amputation are seen in Fig 1. Three injuries transsected the distal bone. All cases were evaluated for extent of injury and chosen for nonoperative therapy (Fig 2). The wounds were cleansed with antiseptic solution and dressed with fine mesh absorbent gauze impregnated with bismuth tribromophenate 3% in petrolatum blend (Xeroform) and sterile gauze bandage. To encourage mobility, no splints were used. Dressings were changed one week after injury and bi-weekly thereafter. All children were free of pain within 24 hours after treatment. Healing began at three weeks and was completed 12 weeks after injury. Good cosmetic and functional result with regeneration of the fingertip including nail was observed in each case (Fig 3). DISCUSSION Douglas1 and Illingworth2 were among the early proponents of the nonsurgical management of children's fingertip injuries. Despite their well-documented success with this treatment, it is not widely practiced. Many3-5 continue to advocate reimplantation of the amputated tip, suture closure, or skin graft and flap application to the amputated stump. However, these techniques should be reserved for injuries to the proximal two phalanges or for disarticulation injuries where regeneration is not seen.

The use of plastic details to increase the contact surface of the substrate during the cultivation of attached species of algae

2021 ◽  
pp. 110-123
Author(s):  
Olga Yu. Kalinina ◽  
Philipp V. Sapozhnikov ◽  
Anastasiya A. Snigirova ◽  
Alexey I. Salimon ◽  
Yaroslava V. Kaliaeva
Keyword(s):  
Contact Surface ◽  
Polymer Surfaces ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Nutrient Media ◽  
Inhomogeneous Surface ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Solid Nutrient Medium ◽  
Effective Growth

A series of experiments was carried out using strips (and nets) of synthetic polymers to increase the contact surface during the cultivation of attached forms of microphytes. We used bands of different composition, as well as with different microrelief surface areas, and a fine-mesh PLA network with an inhomogeneous surface. The experiments were performed on liquid nutrient media in accumulative cultures, and on solid nutrient medium in pure culture. The results showed a number of positive features of such cultivation, based on the selective isolation of individual species and their small combinations from the composition of accumulative cultures, as well as on the effective growth of individual species on specific elements of the microrelief of polymer surfaces. The polymers used were: PET, PP, LDPE, UHMWPE and PLA.

An Explicit-Implicit Time Integration Approach for Finite Element Evaluation of Engine Load Following an FBO Event

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiliu Weng ◽  
Lipeng Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Time Integration ◽  
Implicit Time ◽  
Engine Load ◽  
Load Following ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Implicit Time Integration ◽  
Integration Approach ◽  
Fan Blade

Engine fan blade-off (FBO) is an extreme event that could well place the flight safety at risk. When it happens, the engine will experience high-velocity impact at first, and then enter into a “high-power” stage due to huge unbalance before coming to a steady state called “windmilling”. The analytical process for FBO can be split into two phases, one for impact simulation and the other for obtaining the FBO load to pylon. Typically, explicit method with fine mesh finite elements is used in the first phase, and implicit method with coarse meshes is adopted in the second one. In most cases, the only connection between these two analyses may be the unbalance level caused by FBO. More structural responses other than the unbalance level due to fan blade impact are actually ignored in the succeeding implicit analysis. Attempts have been made by Boeing, GE and MSC to integrate these two processes by adding some features in MD Nastran. Yet the intermediate binary files created and the restricted input entries make the integration process quite inflexible. This paper introduces an explicit-implicit time integration approach for finite element analysis of engine load following an FBO event. The proposed method attempts to connect the two stages more closely, yet in a more flexible manner. In this approach, the engine structural response under FBO obtained from explicit analysis is transferred to the implicit analysis, together with the unbalance level caused by blade loss. The necessity of the approach is discussed, and sensitivity analysis is conducted to understand the factors that play significant roles in the approach. As the models for explicit and implicit analyses are different in mesh sizes and scales, the authors also develop a tool that can interpolate the load information and further, smooth it to fit calculation. Finally, the approach is tested on a full engine model to show its applicability and advantages over the traditional method for load evaluation of FBO event.

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