Geographic information. Well-known text representation of coordinate reference systems

Abstract. Historical cartography is an important source of geographic information for diachronic studies. The Italian geodetic datum from the second half of the 20th century are well known and used, while the reference systems used previously do not have a certain documentation also because they were developed by the military geographical institute, which at the time was a uniquely military body with the related problems of confidentiality.The reconstruction of the datum of each single historical map is a fundamental process, in order to be able to correctly compare historical information with the current ones, but it is complex because of the scarce information available on the type of datum and cartographic projection used for the production of the map.The reconstruction of the ancient morphology of an area, such as that of 1893 Forma urbis map or the pre-reclamation maps of Agro Pontino, is of fundamental importance for various studies on geomorphological changes of the territory, including, for example, the reconstruction of diverted and/or covered watercourses.Many of the Italian historical maps have been referred to the ellipsoid of Bessel with different orientations that in many cases are the same used previously or simultaneously for public purposes including, in particular, the drafting of the cadastral cartography.

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Geographic information in the age of the INSPIRE Directive: discovery, download and use for geographical research

Geografie ◽

10.37040/geografie2013118010077 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 118 (1) ◽

pp. 77-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Tomáš Řezník

Keyword(s):

Spatial Information ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Network Services ◽

Reference Systems ◽

Data Interoperability ◽

Model Case ◽

Data Encoding ◽

Cross Border ◽

Geographic Data

This article describes the concept and impacts of dealing with geographic information according to the Directive on INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe: INSPIRE. A brief introduction contains the scope and aims of this infrastructure and is supported by a section on legislative background at both the European and Czech levels. All components of the European infrastructure are analysed sequentially, i.e. starting with metadata, network services, data sharing, monitoring and reporting. The main focus of the article is aimed at the issues of geographic data interoperability and harmonization through application schemas. Unique identifiers, voidable elements, reference systems, temporal representations, quality of geographic data, encoding and visualisation are then subjected to deeper analysis. The concept of INSPIRE is presented in a model case of searching for cross-border geographic data using the INSPIRE geoportal, its preview in a Geographic Information System and its retrieval.

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Reference systems of maps and geographic information systems of Antarctica

Antarctic Science ◽

10.1017/s0954102089000532 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 351-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Jörn Sievers ◽

Heinz Bennat

Keyword(s):

Information Systems ◽

Geographic Information Systems ◽

Satellite Image ◽

Image Data ◽

Geographic Information ◽

Reference Systems ◽

Map Projections ◽

Scale Range ◽

Satellite Image Data ◽

Cartesian Coordinate

The necessity for uniform reference systems for conventional maps (analogue) and geographic information systems (digital) is discussed. It is recommended that the following scales and projections are used for Antarctic maps: general maps at scales smaller than 1:1 000 000 should use a stereographic projection. Maps up to a scale of 1:1 000 000 should be compiled according to the specifications of the International Map of the World (IMW) 1:1 000 000. Ellipsoids are used as reference surfaces for the various map projections. Differences of the ellipsoidal parameters of the WGS72 and WGS84 systems have to be considered if accuracies better than 10 m are required. Geographic information systems may store data in vector or raster format and in geographic or in geodetic coordinates. For a raster format which is referred to the geographic (spheroidal) grid the term of ‘geographic raster’ is introduced, in contrast to the ‘geodetic raster’ which is referred to a plane cartesian coordinate system. The Institut für Angewandte Geodäsie (IfAG) is establishing the ‘Geocoded Information System Antarctica’ (GIA) using digital satellite image recordings. Internal storage of data in the GIA is in the form of the geodetic raster (and not by spheroidal coordinates). For the scale range 1:250 000 to 1:1 000 000 the size of the raster element is 60 m × 60 m. For smaller scales, satellite image data of a raster width of 240 m × 240 m are preferred.‘All cartographers' trouble began with the abolition of the flat-Earth theory ’

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