Space environment (natural and artificial). Earth upper atmosphere

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Artificial Earth

scholarly journals Impact of spaceflight and artificial gravity on sulfur metabolism in mouse liver: sulfur metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryo Kurosawa ◽  
Ryota Sugimoto ◽  
Hiroe Imai ◽  
Kohei Atsuji ◽  
Koji Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Sulfur Metabolism ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Hepatic Damage ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Earth Gravity ◽  
Gene Sets ◽  
Artificial Earth ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Sulfur Containing Compounds

AbstractSpaceflight induces hepatic damage, partially owing to oxidative stress caused by the space environment such as microgravity and space radiation. We examined the roles of anti-oxidative sulfur-containing compounds on hepatic damage after spaceflight. We analyzed the livers of mice on board the International Space Station for 30 days. During spaceflight, half of the mice were exposed to artificial earth gravity (1 g) using centrifugation cages. Sulfur-metabolomics of the livers of mice after spaceflight revealed a decrease in sulfur antioxidants (ergothioneine, glutathione, cysteine, taurine, thiamine, etc.) and their intermediates (cysteine sulfonic acid, hercynine, N-acethylserine, serine, etc.) compared to the controls on the ground. Furthermore, RNA-sequencing showed upregulation of gene sets related to oxidative stress and sulfur metabolism, and downregulation of gene sets related to glutathione reducibility in the livers of mice after spaceflight, compared to controls on the ground. These changes were partially mitigated by exposure to 1 g centrifugation. For the first time, we observed a decrease in sulfur antioxidants based on a comprehensive analysis of the livers of mice after spaceflight. Our data suggest that a decrease in sulfur-containing compounds owing to both microgravity and other spaceflight environments (radiation and stressors) contributes to liver damage after spaceflight.

Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Coupling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Achilleos ◽  
L. C. Ray ◽  
J. N. Yates
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Electrical Current ◽  
Auroral Oval ◽  
Upper Atmosphere ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Rotating Disc ◽  
Field Lines ◽  
Auroral Emissions ◽  
Rapid Rotator ◽  
Energy And Momentum

The process of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling involves the transport of vast quantities of energy and momentum between a magnetized planet and its space environment, or magnetosphere. This transport involves extended, global sheets of electrical current, which flows along magnetic field lines. Some of the charged particles, which carry this current rain down onto the planet’s upper atmosphere and excite aurorae–beautiful displays of light close to the magnetic poles, which are an important signature of the physics of the coupling process. The Earth, Jupiter, and Saturn all have magnetospheres, but the detailed physical origin of their auroral emissions differs from planet to planet. The Earth’s aurora is principally driven by the interaction of its magnetosphere with the upstream solar wind—a flow of plasma continually emanating from the Sun. This interaction imposes a particular pattern of flow on the plasma within the magnetosphere, which in turn determines the morphology and intensity of the currents and aurorae. Jupiter, on the other hand, is a giant rapid rotator, whose main auroral oval is thought to arise from the transport of angular momentum between the upper atmosphere and the rotating, disc-like plasma in the magnetosphere. Saturn exhibits auroral behavior consistent with a solar wind–related mechanism, but there is also regular variability in Saturn’s auroral emissions, which is consistent with rotating current systems that transport energy between the magnetospheric plasma and localized vortices of flow in the upper atmosphere/ionosphere.

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