Greenhouse gases. Requirements for greenhouse gas validation and verification bodies for use in accreditation or other forms of recognition

Aim. Proper development of animal breeding in the conditions of current global problems and the decrease of anthropogenic burden on environment due to greenhouse gas emissions, caused by animal breeding activity, require the study of interaction processes between animal breeding and external climatic conditions. Methods. The theoretical substantiation of the problem was performed based on scientifi c literature, statistical informa- tion of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the data of the National greenhouse gas emissions inventory in Ukraine. Theoretically possible emissions of greenhouse gases into atmosphere due to animal breeding in Ukraine and specifi c farms are calculated by the international methods using the statistical infor- mation about animal breeding in Ukraine and the economic-technological information of the activity of the investigated farms. Results. The interaction between the animal breeding production and weather-and-climate conditions of environment was analyzed. Possible vectors of activity for the industry, which promote global warming and negative processes, related to it, were determined. The main factors, affecting the formation of greenhouse gases from the activity of enterprises, aimed at animal breeding production, were characterized. Literature data, statistical data and calculations were used to analyze the role of animal breeding in the green- house gas emissions in global and national framework as well as at the level of specifi c farms with the consid- eration of individual specifi cities of these farms. Conclusions. Current global problems require clear balance between constant development of sustainable animal breeding and the decrease of the carbon footprint due to the activity of animal breeding.

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CURRENT STATE AND PROSPECTS OF CARBON FARMING DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

Vestnik of Kazan state agrarin university ◽

10.12737/2073-0462-2021-7-13 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 7-13

Author(s):

Radik Safin ◽

Ayrat Valiev ◽

Valeriya Kolesar

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Carbon Footprint ◽

Crop Production ◽

Agricultural Soils ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

The Republic

Global climatic changes have a negative impact on the development of all sectors of the economy, including agriculture. However, the very production of agricultural products is one of the most important sources of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere. Taking into account the need to reduce the “carbon footprint” in food production, a special place is occupied by the analysis of the volume of greenhouse gas emissions and the development of measures for their sequestration in agriculture. One of the main directions for reducing emissions and immobilizing greenhouse gases is the development of special techniques for their sequestration in the soil, including those used in agriculture. Adaptation of existing farming systems for this task will significantly reduce the “carbon footprint” from agricultural production, including animal husbandry. The development of carbon farming allows not only to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but also to significantly increase the level of soil fertility, primarily by increasing the content of organic matter in them. As a result, it becomes possible, along with the production of crop production, to produce “carbon units” that are sold on local and international markets. The paper analyzes possible greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture and the potential for their sequestration in agricultural soils. The role of various elements of the farming system in solving the problem of reducing the “carbon footprint” is considered and ways of developing carbon farming in the Republic of Tatarstan are proposed

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ANTHROPOGENIC COMPONENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE TERRITORY OF THE KALININGRAD REGION

10.33933/2074-2762-2020-58-94-110 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 94-110

Author(s):

N.V. Dvoeglazova ◽

B.V. Chubarenko ◽

Y.A. Kozlova

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽

Main Role ◽

Carbon Dioxide Absorption ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Technology Improvement ◽

Kaliningrad Region

The increase in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is influenced to a greater extent by a degree of development of industry, a growth of electrification, deforestation, and the burning of fuel for the production of heating and electricity. The contribution of emissions of each of these factors and the ratio of greenhouse gases in them should be taken into account when developing the measures to prevent climate change. According to calculations of emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region the burning of fuel and energy resources are supposed to be playing the main role in the greenhouse gas emission from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. In statistical reference books this activity is described as the “activities for the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.” The usage of this fuel in the energy sector is increasing: from 1742.4 thousand tons of standard fuel in 1991 up to 2193.9 in 2016. Such little increase in total emissions is due to the general technology improvement in the country. Carbon dioxide makes up the bulk of greenhouse gas emissions from the territory of the Kaliningrad region. The percentage of the gases in the total volume is as follows: CO2 - 96.7%, CH4 - 1%, N2 O - 2.3%. Its emissions for the period from 2013 to 2016 varied from 3,757.4 in 2014 to 4,091.7 in 2015 thousand tons of standard fuel, reaching its maximum value in 2015. The estimate presented in this paper is a lower estimate, since it does not take into account emissions from industrial processes, leaks, land use, waste, etc., as well as from some categories of emission sources due to the lack of data on the use of fuel in the Kaliningrad region. Among other things, the calculations of emissions of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide from the use of fuel by vehicles in 2016, which have shown to be 1.86 times less than from burning of fossil fuels for the same year (2032.87 Gg CO2 eq. and 3914.79 Gg CO2 eq., respectively) and to account for 34.5% of the total emissions, have been made. Moreover, according to the methodology for calculating emissions the factor of carbon dioxide absorption by the region’s forests has been taken into account. The amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by forests has shown to be only 11.9% of the emissions of this gas during the combustion of boiler and furnace fuel.

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City Logistics and Air Quality

Transport and Communications ◽

10.26552/tac.c.2018.1.7 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 26-29

Author(s):

Radovan Slávik ◽

◽

Dominika Beňová ◽

Jozef Gnap ◽

Ondrej Stopka

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Air Quality ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Slovak Republic ◽

Road Transport ◽

City Logistics ◽

Harmful Emissions ◽

The Impact

The paper focuses on the impact of city logistics on air quality. The first chapter focuses on the EU's transport policy for 2030-2050 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The second chapter focuses on air quality in the Slovak Republic and the amount of greenhouse gases in the air. The aim of the contribution is to highlight the impact of road transport on air quality and air pollution as well as the need to reduce these harmful emissions.

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No evidence that earthworms increase soil greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 and N2O) in the presence of plants and soil-moisture fluctuations

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-8599 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pierre Ganault ◽

Johanne Nahmani ◽

Yvan Capowiez ◽

Isabelle Bertrand ◽

Bruno Buatois ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Soil Water ◽

Water Status ◽

Soil Layer ◽

Agricultural Practices ◽

Biodiversity Loss ◽

Gas Emissions

Accelerating climate change and biodiversity loss calls for agricultural practices that can sustain productivity with lower greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining biodiversity. Biodiversity-friendly agricultural practices have been shown to increase earthworm populations, but according to a recent meta-analyses, earthworms could increase soil CO2 and N2O emissions by 33 and 42%, respectively. However, to date, many studies reported idiosyncratic and inconsistent effects of earthworms on greenhouse gases, indicating that the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Here we report the effects of earthworms (anecic, endogeic and their combination) with or without plants on CO2 and N2O emissions in the presence of soil-moisture fluctuations from a mesocosms experiment. The experimental set-up was explicitly designed to account for the engineering effect of earthworms (i.e. burrowing) and investigate the consequences on soil macroporosity, soil water dynamic, and microbial activity. We found that plants reduced N2O emissions by 19.80% and that relative to the no earthworm control, the cumulative N2O emissions were 17.04, 34.59 and 44.81% lower in the anecic, both species and endogeic species, respectively. CO2 emissions were not significantly affected by the plants or earthworms but depended on the interaction between earthworms and soil water content, an interaction that was also observed for the N2O emissions. Soil porosity variables measured by X-ray tomography suggest that the earthworm effects on CO2 and N2O emissions were mediated by the burrowing patterns affecting the soil aeration and water status. N2O emissions decreased with the volume occupied by macropores in the deeper soil layer, whereas CO2 emissions decreased with the macropore volume in the top soil layer. This study suggests that experimental setups without plants and in containers where the earthworm soil engineering effects via burrowing and casting on soil water status are minimized may be responsible, at least in part, for the reported positive earthworm effects on greenhouse gases.

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6. Planetary climate and habitability

10.1093/actrade/9780198841128.003.0006 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 96-121

Author(s):

Raymond T. Pierrehumbert

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Temperature Profile ◽

Greenhouse Effect ◽

Infrared Radiation ◽

The Way

‘Planetary climate and habitability’ studies planetary climate, particularly the way an atmosphere affects temperature and a planet's habitability. The entire temperature profile, from the planet's centre to the tenuous outer reaches of its atmosphere (if it has one), is of importance. Real atmospheres are never completely transparent to the infrared radiation which seeks to escape to space. Gases which are good absorbers of infrared radiation act as planetary insulation. This is the greenhouse effect, and gases that are good infrared absorbers are called greenhouse gases; carbon dioxide is an important greenhouse gas for Earth.

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Introduction

10.1093/oso/9780197502556.003.0001 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Eelco J. Rohling

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Emission Reduction ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Paris Agreement ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Is Implementation

This chapter outlines the challenge facing us. The Paris Agreement sets a target maximum of 2°C global warming and a preferred limit of 1.5°C. Yet, the subsequent combined national pledges for emission reduction suffice only for limiting warming to roughly 3°C. And because most nations are falling considerably short of meeting their pledges, even greater warming may become locked in. Something more drastic and wide-ranging is needed: a multi-pronged strategy. These different prongs to the climate-change solution are introduced in this chapter and explored one by one in the following chapters. First is rapid, massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Second is implementation of ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Third may be increasing the reflectivity of Earth to incoming sunlight, to cool certain places down more rapidly. In addition, we need to protect ourselves from climate-change impacts that have already become inevitable.

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Soils and climate change: potential impacts on carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions, and future research for Australian agriculture

Crop and Pasture Science ◽

10.1071/cp11170 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 269 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

J. A. Baldock ◽

I. Wheeler ◽

N. McKenzie ◽

A. McBrateny

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Future Research ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Gas Emissions ◽

Carbon And Nitrogen ◽

Biological Cycling

Organic carbon and nitrogen found in soils are subject to a range of biological processes capable of generating or consuming greenhouse gases (CO2, N2O and CH4). In response to the strong impact that agricultural management can have on the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen stored in soil and their rates of biological cycling, soils have the potential to reduce or enhance concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Concern also exists over the potential positive feedback that a changing climate may have on rates of greenhouse gas emission from soil. Climate projections for most of the agricultural regions of Australia suggest a warmer and drier future with greater extremes relative to current climate. Since emissions of greenhouse gases from soil derive from biological processes that are sensitive to soil temperature and water content, climate change may impact significantly on future emissions. In this paper, the potential effects of climate change and options for adaptation and mitigations will be considered, followed by an assessment of future research requirements. The paper concludes by suggesting that the diversity of climate, soil types, and agricultural practices in place across Australia will make it difficult to define generic scenarios for greenhouse gas emissions. Development of a robust modelling capability will be required to construct regional and national emission assessments and to define the potential outcomes of on-farm management decisions and policy decisions. This model development will require comprehensive field datasets to calibrate the models and validate model outputs. Additionally, improved spatial layers of model input variables collected on a regular basis will be required to optimise accounting at regional to national scales.

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