Measurement method of total input power of ballast-lamp circuits

2002 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Method ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Total Input

IDENTIFICATIONS OF HASLER'S CLASSES OF LINEAR RESISTIVE CIRCUIT STRUCTURES

2004 ◽  
Vol 13 (05) ◽  
pp. 957-980
Author(s):  
J. CEL
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Maximal Entropy ◽  
Cactus Graph ◽  
Resistance Function ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Feedback Structure ◽  
Ill Posed ◽  
System Of Parameters ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Formulae on first and second derivatives of various functions associated with a linear nullator–norator–resistance network such as total input power, driving-point and transfer resistances with respect to parameters are established. As a consequence, the concavity of the driving-point resistance with respect to the system of parameters is obtained which generalizes a scalar result of Schneider. An example is given showing that the driving-point resistance R of a nonreciprocal one-port is not monotone or convex or concave with respect to the system of resistances which shows that the Cohn–Vratsanos and the Shannon–Hagelbarger theorems which characterize R of reciprocal one-port cannot be extended in this way. Next, a simplified variant of the Shannon–Hagelbarger theorem is used to derive separate necessary and sufficient conditions characterizing always well-posed, sometimes ill-posed and always ill-posed classes of linear resistive circuit structures introduced and characterized by Hasler, both new in formulation and proof. This reveals that the form of the second partial derivative of the resistance function is responsible for various kinds of the structural solvability of linear circuits. Alternative "if and only if" criteria for these classes are established. They involve replacements of reciprocal circuit elements by combinations of contractions and removals leading to pairs of complementary directed nullator and directed norator trees with appropriately defined signs, and resemble therefore earlier famous Willson–Nielsen feedback structure and Chua–Nishi cactus graph criteria for circuits containing traditional controlled sources. Finally, the qualitative parts of the Cohn–Vratsanos and the Shannon–Hagelbarger theorems are shown to be simple consequences of much more general principles governing all aspects of life, such as maximal entropy and energy conservation laws.

scholarly journals Design of a Four-Branch Optical Power Splitter Based on Gallium-Nitride Using Rectangular Waveguide Coupling for Telecommunication Links

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Retno W. Purnamaningsih ◽  
Nji R. Poespawati ◽  
Elhadj Dogheche
Keyword(s):  
Gallium Nitride ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Optical Power ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Propagation Length ◽  
Power Splitter ◽  
Excess Loss ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Rectangular Waveguides

This paper reports design of a simple four-branch optical power splitter using five parallel rectangular waveguides coupling in a gallium-nitride (GaN) semiconductor/sapphire for telecommunication links. The optimisation was conducted using the 3D FD-BPM method for long wavelength optical communication. The result shows that, at propagation length of 925 μm, the optical power input was successfully split into four uniform output beams, each with 24% of total input power. It is also shown that the relative output power distribution is almost stable through the C-band range. At the operating wavelength of 1.55 μm, the proposed power splitter has an excess loss lower than 0.2 dB. This study demonstrates the opportunity to develop optical interconnections from UV-Visible to near IR wavelengths.

scholarly journals A Hybrid Microenergy Storage System for Power Supply of Forest Wireless Sensor Nodes

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huamei Wang ◽  
Wenbin Li ◽  
Daochun Xu ◽  
Jiangming Kan
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Storage System ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Wireless Sensor Nodes ◽  
Ultra Low Power ◽  
Hybrid Energy ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Self Powered

Wireless sensor nodes (WSNs) are widely used in the field of environmental detection; however, they face serious power supply problems caused by the complexity of the environmental layout. In this study, a new ultra-low-power hybrid energy harvesting (HEH) system for two types of microenergy collection (photovoltaic (PV) and soil-temperature-difference thermoelectric (TE)) was designed to provide stable power to WSNs. The power supply capabilities of two microenergy sources were assessed by analyzing the electrical characteristics and performing continuous energy data collection. The HEH system consisted of two separated power converters and an electronic multiplexer circuit to avoid impedance mismatch and improve efficiency. The feasibility of the self-powered HEH system was verified by consumption analysis of the HEH system, the WSNs, and the data analysis of the collected microenergy. Taking the summation of PV and TEG input power of 1.26 mW (PPV:PTEG was about 3:1) as an example, the power loss of the HEH system accounted for 33.8% of the total input power. Furthermore, the ratio decreased as the value of the input power increased.

Chip on Board Packaging and Thermal Solutions for a 100 W Large Monolithic LED

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
Jay G. Liu ◽  
Daxi Xiong ◽  
Paul Panaccione
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Input Power ◽  
High Current ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Die Attach ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Thermal Solution ◽  
Current Operation ◽  
Heat Spreading

Thermal challenges are now widely recognized as one of the key barriers to LED's fast penetration to broader market. This paper demonstrates an effective packaging and thermal solution for a commercial realization of a large area monolithic LED of 12 mm2, with high current operation and total input power as high as 100 W. A direct chip on board (COB) die attach method was used to eliminate one level of interface such as existed in an SMD LED on an insulated metal substrate. High thermal conductivity LED submount and copper core board were designed for effective heat spreading without a dielectric in the thermal path. The thermal resistance of the 12 mm2 LED from junction to heat sink, including core board and associated TIM1 and TIM2, is as low as 0.7°C/W. A thermal model was developed using FEA to describe the temperature and thermal resistance at each interface, and is shown to be in agreement with measured data. The LED chipsets described here have been used to power systems such as rear projection TVs and front projectors.

scholarly journals Plasma-wall self-organization in magnetic fusion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Franck Escande ◽  
Fabio Sattin ◽  
Paolo Zanca
Keyword(s):  
Basins Of Attraction ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Magnetic Fusion ◽  
Density Limit ◽  
Radiated Power ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Physical Sputtering ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Divertor Plates

Abstract This paper introduces the concept of plasma-wall self-organization (PWSO) in magnetic fusion. The basic idea is the existence of a time delay in the feedback loop relating radiation and impurity production on divertor plates. Both a zero and a onedimensional description of PWSO are provided. They lead to an iterative equation whose equilibrium fixed point is unstable above some threshold. This threshold corresponds to a radiative density limit, which can be reached for a ratio of total radiated power to total input power as low as 1/2. When detachment develops and physical sputtering dominates, this limit is progressively pushed to very high values if the radiation of non-plate impurities stays low. Therefore, PWSO comes with two basins for this organization: the usual one with a density limit, and a new one with density freedom, in particular for machines using high-Z materials. Two basins of attraction of PWSO are shown to exist for the tokamak during start-up, with a high density one leading to this freedom. This basin might be reached by a proper tailoring of ECRH assisted ohmic start-up in present middle-size tokamaks, mimicking present stellarator start-up. In view of the impressive tokamak DEMO wall load challenge, it is worth considering and checking this possibility, which comes with that of more margins for ITER and of smaller reactors.

scholarly journals Zigzag Solitons and Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Discrete Rabi Lattices with Long-Range Hopping

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Haitao Xu ◽  
Zhelang Pan ◽  
Zhihuan Luo ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Suiyan Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Discrete Soliton ◽  
Coupled Effect ◽  
Total Input ◽  
New Type ◽  
Discrete Solitons ◽  
Symmetric Soliton

A new type of discrete soliton, which we call zigzag solitons, is founded in two-component discrete Rabi lattices with long-range hopping. The spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) of zigzag solitons is also studied. Through numerical simulation, we found that by enhancing the intensity of the long-range linearly-coupled effect or increasing the total input power, the SSB process from the symmetric soliton to the asymmetric soliton will switch from the supercritical to subcritical type. These results can help us better understand both the discrete solitons and the Rabi coupled effect.

scholarly journals Analysis and Output Power Control of Unidirectional Secondary-Resonant Single-Active-Half-Bridge DC-DC Converter

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7432
Author(s):  
Cao Anh Tuan ◽  
Takaharu Takeshita
Keyword(s):  
Power Control ◽  
Output Power ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Total Input ◽  
Bridge Circuits ◽  
Resonant Capacitor

Development of high-frequency-isolated DC-DC converters is underway for charging and discharging electric vehicle batteries. As a charger, a Single Active Bridge (SAB) converter, which is composed of a primary full-bridge converter, a high-frequency transformer, and a secondary full-bridge diode rectifier circuit, has been proposed as a unidirectional high frequency isolated DC-DC converter. In this paper, as a simple circuit configuration, a Secondary-Resonant Single-Active-Half-Bridge (SR-SAHB) converter, in which the primary and secondary circuits of the SAB converter are both half-bridge circuits, and a resonant capacitor connected in parallel to each secondary diode, is created. Due to the partial resonance on the secondary side, power transmission with unity transformer turn ratio and unity voltage conversion ratio can be realized, and a high total input power factor of the transformer can be achieved. As a result, the maximum voltage and current of the switching devices and the transformer voltage can be reduced. Moreover, soft switching in all commutations can be realized. The operation waveform is analyzed, and output power control is derived using the variable frequency control method. The effectiveness of the proposed SR-SAHB has been verified by experimental results using a 2.4 kW 20 kHz, 265V laboratory prototype.

SEARCH FOR THE PROPOSED COLD FUSION OF D IN Pd

1989 ◽  
Vol 03 (10) ◽  
pp. 753-760
Author(s):  
C.W. CHU ◽  
Y.Y. XUE ◽  
R.L. MENG ◽  
P.H. HOR ◽  
Z.J. HUANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Cold Fusion ◽  
Power Input ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Electrolysis Time ◽  
Excess Heat ◽  
Electrolytic Cells ◽  
Electrolytic Process ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Total Input

A direct, systematic, and well-controlled investigation of D2O-Pd electrolytic cells reveals neither neutrons at a rate exceeding 103 s −1 nor excess heat greater than 3% of the total input power generated during the electrolytic process in contrast to the cold fusion recently reported. No difference in the thermal energy outputs between two identical D2O-Pd and H2O-Pd cells greater than 1.5% (or 5%) of the input at 0.5 W (or 2.4 W) was detected. The negative results cannot be attributed to electrolysis-time (0–480 hours), Pd-electrode (cold drawn or cast) size (0.1–0.6 cm diameter × 3–5 cm), power input (0.1–8.5 W), electrolytes used (LiOH, LiCl, and DCl), or failure to deuterize Pd (PdDx with x≤0.6) within the limits cited in the parentheses. If the proposed cold fusion exists, it has to be induced only under some subtle and not-yet-determined conditions.

Optimal Design of Cooling Device for High Power LED Headlamp

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 1648-1653
Author(s):  
Chun Zhang ◽  
Yi Xi Cai ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Xiao Hua Li ◽  
Xin Jie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Heat Pipe ◽  
High Power ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Input Power ◽  
Cooling Device ◽  
Cooling Performance ◽  
Total Input ◽  
High Power Led ◽  
Led Headlamp ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of this study is to optimize the cooling device for high power LED headlamp. The feasibility of using SMD (Surface Mounted Devices) resistor instead of LED chips has been analyzed by FloEFD and the relationship between temperature and total input power has been found. In order to evaluate the cooling performance of the heat pipe, two different arrangement forms has been used. Based on the simulation, heat pipe arranged in rectangle can satisfy the requirement of high-power LED headlamp. These results also laid a theoretical foundation for later experiments.

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