Code of practice for safe operation of small-scale storage facilities for cryogenic liquids

1976 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre´ L. C. Fujarra ◽  
Eduardo A. Tannuri ◽  
Isai´as Q. Masetti ◽  
Haroldo Igreja

The installations of sub-sea equipments are very complex operations, requiring previous analysis in order to define the correct procedure and the environmental “window” for a safe operation. This paper addresses the installations of a Mid Water Arch (MWA) that consists of a structure to provide risers support. Connecting the risers to the MWA largely eliminates the dynamic forces that would otherwise cause friction and fatigue. Such structure is composed by the riser guides and several buoyancy tanks. It is kept in the water by means of tethers connected to an anchor. The MWA is to be installed 42m from the seabed. The installation procedure has several steps evolving the launching of each component of the MWA (anchor, main structure and the tethers). A tug boat with an A-frame is used during the whole launching, and an assisting vessel is required to keep the buoy away from the tether and the launching cable. The presence of exciting waves induces oscillatory motions in the whole system, and may cause large dynamic forces in the cables and tethers. Due to the complexity of the multi-body system, a comprehensive numerical and experimental analysis was then carried out in order to dimensioning the launching cables and to define the limit environmental condition. The numerical analysis was carried out in the Numerical Offshore Tank (TPN), a multi-processor offshore system simulator that considers the 6 DOF of each body and all environmental forces acting in them. The lines are modeled by finite-element method. Furthermore, a full set of small-scale experiments were carried out at the State of Sa˜o Paulo Technological Research Institute (IPT) towing tank, considering the system excited by a sinusoidal motion at the top, emulating the wave excitation. Comparisons between numerical and experimental results were performed, with good adherence between them. The validated numerical simulator was then used to make predictions of the behavior of the systems during the installation, considering several environmental conditions and configurations.


Author(s):  
R. A. Russell ◽  
R. F. Salmon

The Federal Aviation Administration is engaged in programs to reduce the probability and/or severity of fire in commercial jet transport aircraft that are involved in ground crash situations. One of the approaches being taken is the development of a modified aviation turbine fuel that will provide a significant reduction in the crash-fire hazard. The modified fuels program, initiated in 1964, brought to light that under small-scale simulated crash conditions the fire reduction benefits of fuel thickeners result from their ability to physically bind the fuel and thus reduce the rate of vaporization and the exposed surface area available to support a fire. Dozens of thickened fuel candidates have undergone cursory screening, and a small percentage of those that looked promising have been subjected to a crash fire rating system designed to provide relative values of candidate fuels. Chemical and physical studies, completed in 1971, on two of the leading fuel candidates greatly improved their fluidic property with no adverse affect on their fire retardative properties, while in mist form. The agency’s plans, to demonstrate the safe operation of aircraft using a modified fuel and to demonstrate the improvement in crash fire safety by conducting full-scale crash tests, are proceeding to take shape due primarily to the continued progress being made by the developers of the gelled fuels.


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