scholarly journals An Interspecies Investigation of Thyroid Plasma Hormone Concentrations, Histology, and Gene Expression

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A Underwood
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Plasma Hormone

scholarly journals Organophosphate Flame-Retardants Alter Adult Mouse Homeostasis and Gene Expression in a Sex-Dependent Manner Potentially Through Interactions With ERα

2017 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A Krumm ◽  
Vipa J Patel ◽  
Taylor S Tillery ◽  
Ali Yasrebi ◽  
Jianliang Shen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Insulin Tolerance ◽  
Plasma Hormone ◽  
Liver Gene

Abstract Flame retardants (FRs) such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organophosphate FR (OPFR) persist in the environment and interact with multiple nuclear receptors involved in homeostasis, including estrogen receptors (ERs). However, little is known about the effects of FR, especially OPFR, on mammalian neuroendocrine functions. Therefore, we investigated if exposure to FR alters hypothalamic gene expression and whole-animal physiology in adult wild-type (WT) and ERα KO mice. Intact WT and KO males and ovariectomized WT and KO females were orally dosed daily with vehicle (oil), 17α-ethynylestradiol (2.5 μg/kg), 2,2’, 4,4-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47, 1 or 10 mg/kg), or an OPFR mixture {1 or 10 mg/kg of tris(1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, and tricresyl phosphate each} for 28 days. Body weight, food intake, body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance, plasma hormone levels, and hypothalamic and liver gene expression were measured. Expression of neuropeptides, receptors, and cation channels was differentially altered between WT males and females. OPFR suppressed body weight and energy intake in males. FR increased fasting glucose levels in males, and BDE-47 augmented glucose clearance in females. Liver gene expression indicated FXR activation by BDE-47 and PXR and CAR activation by OPFR. In males, OPFR increased ghrelin but decreased leptin and insulin independent of body weight. The loss of ERα reduced the effects of both FR on hypothalamic and liver gene expression and plasma hormone levels. The physiological implications are that males are more sensitive than ovariectomized females to OPFR exposure and that these effects are mediated, in part, by ERα.

Changes in ovarian gene expression profiles and plasma hormone levels in maturing European eel ( Anguilla anguilla ); Biomarkers for broodstock selection

2016 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 185-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Burgerhout ◽  
Yuki Minegishi ◽  
Sebastiaan A. Brittijn ◽  
Danielle L. de Wijze ◽  
Christiaan V. Henkel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Plasma Hormone

Molecular and Microscopic Analysis of Altered Gene Expression in Transgenic and Gene Targeted Mice

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 12-13
Author(s):  
W. K. Jones ◽  
J. Robbins
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Pulmonary Veins ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Mouse Tissue ◽  
Adult Heart ◽  
Heavy Chains ◽  
Altered Gene Expression ◽  
Altered Gene ◽  
Pulmonary Myocardium

Two myosin heavy chains (MyHC) are expressed in the mammalian heart and are differentially regulated during development. In the mouse, the α-MyHC is expressed constitutively in the atrium. At birth, the β-MyHC is downregulated and replaced by the α-MyHC, which is the sole cardiac MyHC isoform in the adult heart. We have employed transgenic and gene-targeting methodologies to study the regulation of cardiac MyHC gene expression and the functional and developmental consequences of altered α-MyHC expression in the mouse.We previously characterized an α-MyHC promoter capable of driving tissue-specific and developmentally correct expression of a CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) marker in the mouse. Tissue surveys detected a small amount of CAT activity in the lung (Fig. 1a). The results of in situ hybridization analyses indicated that the pattern of CAT transcript in the adult heart (Fig. 1b, top panel) is the same as that of α-MyHC (Fig. 1b, lower panel). The α-MyHC gene is expressed in a layer of cardiac muscle (pulmonary myocardium) associated with the pulmonary veins (Fig. 1c). These studies extend our understanding of α-MyHC expression and delimit a third cardiac compartment.

Linking transcription, RNA polymerase II elongation and alternative splicing

2020 ◽  
Vol 477 (16) ◽  
pp. 3091-3104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana E. Giono ◽  
Alberto R. Kornblihtt
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Transcription Elongation ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
Regulation Of Transcription ◽  
Stepping Stones ◽  
Eukaryotic Transcription

Gene expression is an intricately regulated process that is at the basis of cell differentiation, the maintenance of cell identity and the cellular responses to environmental changes. Alternative splicing, the process by which multiple functionally distinct transcripts are generated from a single gene, is one of the main mechanisms that contribute to expand the coding capacity of genomes and help explain the level of complexity achieved by higher organisms. Eukaryotic transcription is subject to multiple layers of regulation both intrinsic — such as promoter structure — and dynamic, allowing the cell to respond to internal and external signals. Similarly, alternative splicing choices are affected by all of these aspects, mainly through the regulation of transcription elongation, making it a regulatory knob on a par with the regulation of gene expression levels. This review aims to recapitulate some of the history and stepping-stones that led to the paradigms held today about transcription and splicing regulation, with major focus on transcription elongation and its effect on alternative splicing.

Role of small nuclear RNAs in eukaryotic gene expression

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 79-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Valadkhan ◽  
Lalith S. Gunawardane
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Rna Stability ◽  
Splice Sites ◽  
Branch Site ◽  
Small Nuclear Rnas ◽  
Eukaryotic Gene Expression ◽  
Eukaryotic Gene ◽  
Rna Biogenesis

Eukaryotic cells contain small, highly abundant, nuclear-localized non-coding RNAs [snRNAs (small nuclear RNAs)] which play important roles in splicing of introns from primary genomic transcripts. Through a combination of RNA–RNA and RNA–protein interactions, two of the snRNPs, U1 and U2, recognize the splice sites and the branch site of introns. A complex remodelling of RNA–RNA and protein-based interactions follows, resulting in the assembly of catalytically competent spliceosomes, in which the snRNAs and their bound proteins play central roles. This process involves formation of extensive base-pairing interactions between U2 and U6, U6 and the 5′ splice site, and U5 and the exonic sequences immediately adjacent to the 5′ and 3′ splice sites. Thus RNA–RNA interactions involving U2, U5 and U6 help position the reacting groups of the first and second steps of splicing. In addition, U6 is also thought to participate in formation of the spliceosomal active site. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests additional roles for snRNAs in regulation of various aspects of RNA biogenesis, from transcription to polyadenylation and RNA stability. These snRNP-mediated regulatory roles probably serve to ensure the co-ordination of the different processes involved in biogenesis of RNAs and point to the central importance of snRNAs in eukaryotic gene expression.

Nutrient-regulated gene expression in eukaryotes

2006 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard J. Reece ◽  
Laila Beynon ◽  
Stacey Holden ◽  
Amanda D. Hughes ◽  
Karine Rébora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Rna Polymerase Ii ◽  
Transcriptional Control ◽  
Direct Interaction ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
A Cell ◽  
One Step ◽  
Higher Eukaryotes ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

The recognition of changes in environmental conditions, and the ability to adapt to these changes, is essential for the viability of cells. There are numerous well characterized systems by which the presence or absence of an individual metabolite may be recognized by a cell. However, the recognition of a metabolite is just one step in a process that often results in changes in the expression of whole sets of genes required to respond to that metabolite. In higher eukaryotes, the signalling pathway between metabolite recognition and transcriptional control can be complex. Recent evidence from the relatively simple eukaryote yeast suggests that complex signalling pathways may be circumvented through the direct interaction between individual metabolites and regulators of RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. Biochemical and structural analyses are beginning to unravel these elegant genetic control elements.

Custom microarray for glycobiologists: considerations for glycosyltransferase gene expression profiling

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena M. Comelli ◽  
Margarida Amado ◽  
Steven R. Head ◽  
James C. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Expression Profiling ◽  
Expression Profiling ◽  
Affymetrix Genechip ◽  
Microarray Technology ◽  
Gene Arrays ◽  
Glycosyltransferase Gene

The development of microarray technology offers the unprecedented possibility of studying the expression of thousands of genes in one experiment. Its exploitation in the glycobiology field will eventually allow the parallel investigation of the expression of many glycosyltransferases, which will ultimately lead to an understanding of the regulation of glycoconjugate synthesis. While numerous gene arrays are available on the market, e.g. the Affymetrix GeneChip® arrays, glycosyltransferases are not adequately represented, which makes comprehensive surveys of their gene expression difficult. This chapter describes the main issues related to the establishment of a custom glycogenes array.

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