scholarly journals Paradoxical effects of shock: The role of shock intensity and interresponse times followed by shock

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica B. Long
Keyword(s):  
Shock Intensity ◽  
Interresponse Times ◽  
Paradoxical Effects

Trust in scientists in times of pandemic: Panel evidence from 12 countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (40) ◽  
pp. e2108576118
Author(s):  
Yann Algan ◽  
Daniel Cohen ◽  
Eva Davoine ◽  
Martial Foucault ◽  
Stefanie Stantcheva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Social Trust ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Support ◽  
Compliant Behavior ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
The Government ◽  
Nonpharmaceutical Interventions

This article analyzes the specific and critical role of trust in scientists on both the support for and compliance with nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the COVID-19 pandemic. We exploit large-scale, longitudinal, and representative surveys for 12 countries over the period from March to December 2020, and we complement the analysis with experimental data. We find that trust in scientists is the key driving force behind individual support for and compliance with NPIs and for favorable attitudes toward vaccination. The effect of trust in government is more ambiguous and tends to diminish support for and compliance with NPIs in countries where the recommendations from scientists and the government were not aligned. Trust in others also has seemingly paradoxical effects: in countries where social trust is high, the support for NPIs is low due to higher expectations that others will voluntary social distance. Our individual-level longitudinal data also allows us to evaluate the effects of within-person changes in trust over the pandemic: we show that trust levels and, in particular, trust in scientists have changed dramatically for individuals and within countries, with important subsequent effects on compliant behavior and support for NPIs. Such findings point out the challenging but critical need to maintain trust in scientists during a lasting pandemic that strains citizens and governments.

Human placental lactogen release in vitro: paradoxical effects of calcium

1981 ◽  
Vol 240 (5) ◽  
pp. E550-E555
Author(s):  
S. Handwerger ◽  
P. M. Conn ◽  
J. Barrett ◽  
S. Barry ◽  
A. Golander
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Influx ◽  
Extracellular Calcium ◽  
Calcium Flux ◽  
Placental Lactogen ◽  
Human Placental Lactogen ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
Subsequent Exposure ◽  
Normal Calcium

To study the effects of calcium on the release of human placental lactogen (hPL), placental explants were exposed to media containing lower or higher concentrations of calcium than normally available to the placenta. Explants exposed for 2 h to calcium-poor medium or medium containing either 2 mM EDTA or 2 mM EGTA released 160, 248, and 253% more hPL, respectively, than control explants. In contrast, explants exposed to medium containing higher than normal calcium concentrations released the same amounts of hPL as the control explants. At lower than normal extracellular calcium concentrations, the increased hPL release was inversely proportional to the calcium concentration. The increased release in calcium-poor medium was inhibited by subsequent exposure of the explants to medium containing calcium and was prevented by either barium or magnesium. Changes in barium or magnesium concentrations, however, had no effects on hPL release in the presence of normal extracellular calcium concentrations. Methoxyverapamil (D 600), an inhibitor of calcium flux, stimulated hPL release. Because low extracellular calcium and methoxyverapamil both inhibit calcium influx, these experiments suggest that calcium influx inhibits hPL release. The role of calcium in the regulation of hPL release therefore appears to be different from that reported in other release systems.

scholarly journals How Does Ritualized Behavior Lower Anxiety? The Role of Cognitive Load and Conscious Preoccupation in Anxiety Reduction

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-205
Author(s):  
Aneta Niczyporuk
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
Control Load ◽  
Anxiety Levels

Abstract Although rituals are believed to lower anxiety, the underlying mechanism of anxiety reduction has not been explained well enough. According to Boyer and Liénard (2006), ritualized behavior decreases the anxiety levels because it swamps working memory. This blocks anxious thoughts’ access to consciousness. As a result, ritualized behavior lowers anxiety temporarily but maintains it in the long run. In the article, I analyze what processes should be engaged in ritualized behavior to bring the aforementioned outcomes. I propose that ritualized behavior has anxiolytic properties if it preoccupies consciousness without placing too many demands on cognitive control. While conscious preoccupation with ritualized behavior should reduce anxiety, cognitive control load related to efforts to concentrate on ritualized behavior may bring immediate paradoxical effects of self-regulation, i.e., anxiety increases. Moreover, since anxiety disrupts attentional control capabilities, ritualized behavior should not be too cognitively demanding if an anxious person is to perform it.

Paradoxical effects of atorvastatin in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation

2018 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 542-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dalia M. Attalla ◽  
Lamiaa A. Ahmed ◽  
Hala F. Zaki ◽  
Mahmoud M. Khattab
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Paradoxical Effects

Paradoxical effects of interleukin-18 on the severity of acute graft-versus-host disease mediated by CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets after experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 3393-3399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Ki Min ◽  
Yoshinobu Maeda ◽  
Kathleen Lowler ◽  
Chen Liu ◽  
Shawn Clouthier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Cd8 T Cells ◽  
Acute Gvhd ◽  
Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation ◽  
Allogeneic Bone ◽  
Interleukin 18 ◽  
Graft Versus Host ◽  
Donor T Cells ◽  
Paradoxical Effects

Abstract Administration of exogenous interleukin-18 (IL-18) regulates experimental acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in a Fas-dependent manner when donor CD4+ T cells are required for mortality after experimental allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). However, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can induce acute GVHD after clinical allogeneic BMT, and the role of IL-18 in CD8+-mediated acute GVHD is unknown. We, therefore, determined the role of IL-18 in GVHD mediated by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells across major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II- and class I-disparate allogeneic BMT, respectively. Administering IL-18 significantly increased survival in CD4+-mediated GVHD but reduced survival in CD8+-mediated GVHD. This increase in deaths was associated with significantly greater clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic parameters of GVHD damage and was independent of Fas expression on donor T cells. Administering IL-18 significantly enhanced allospecific cytotoxic function and expansion of CD8+ cells. Endogenous IL-18 was critical to GVHD mediated by CD8+ donor T cells because IL-18 receptor-deficient donors caused significantly less GVHD but exacerbated CD4+-mediated, GVHD-related death. Furthermore, administering anti-IL-18 monoclonal antibody significantly reduced CD8+-mediated, GVHD-related death. Together these findings demonstrate that IL-18 has paradoxical effects on CD4+ and CD8+ cell-mediated GVHD. (Blood. 2004;104:3393-3399)

A model for evaluating the paradoxical impacts of organizational members’ social use of SNSs on destructive voice

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 244-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholam ali Tabarsa ◽  
Mohammad Olfat ◽  
Sajjad Shokouhyar
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Version 2.0 ◽  
Social Use

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the influence of organizational members’ social use of social networking sites (SNSs) on employees’ destructive voice directly and considering the mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment to the organization.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 240 employees of Asia-tech Company have participated in this study. To test the hypotheses, the researchers have used the partial least squares (PLS) method with the help of smart PLS software (version 2.0).FindingsThe results showed that organizational members’ social use of SNSs has a positive effect on destructive voice directly and considering job satisfaction as a mediator. However, social use of SNSs in the workplace considering the mediating role of affective commitment has a negative effect on destructive voice.Practical/implicationsThe results of the study edify managers on how social use of SNSs in the workplace has paradoxical effects on destructive voice directly and regarding affective commitment as a mediating variable. Thus, the main contribution of this study is the fact that although social use of SNSs has many advantages such as promotion of job satisfaction and affective commitment in the workplace, it might have some detrimental effect such as reinforcement of destructive voice.Originality/valueThe model presented in this study is totally unique. Moreover, the investigations showed that there is no documented study regarding the examination of the effect of social use of SNSs on destructive voice directly and considering the mediating role of job satisfaction and affective commitment.

Single Mothers as Bricoleurs: Crafting Embryos and Kin

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-87
Author(s):  
Rosanna Hertz
Keyword(s):  
Single Mothers ◽  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Donor Sperm ◽  
Egg Donor ◽  
New Process ◽  
Paradoxical Effects ◽  
Depth Interviews

Single mothers by choice who delay having a child without a partner can choose to conceive with donor sperm and eggs. When they do, however, they face twin paradoxes: (a) advances in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) make it easier to have a child but harder to make an unquestioned claim to being a mother in light of a conventional genetic narrative; and (b) children who come from the same batch of donor embryos have more in common with each other genetically than they do with their gestational mother. Those paradoxes pose fundamental questions about motherhood and kinship. For example, does gestational motherhood with two donors alter the motherhood narrative? What becomes of the role of egg donor? How do single mothers manage their extra embryos and what role do extra embryos play in kinship? In-depth interviews with 42 single women suggest that they respond to the paradoxical effects of ARTs by engaging in a new process of motherhood—maternal bricolage—first in crafting embryos and then in finding homes for the ones they do not use. As bricoleurs, they challenge extant definitions of motherhood and kinship.

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