scholarly journals Internal Valve Design and Response Analysis for a Circulation Control Augmented Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Nawrocki
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Circulation Control ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Valve Design

Vortex Analytical Model of a Circulation Controlled Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay P. Wilhelm ◽  
Chad C. Panther ◽  
Franz A. Pertl ◽  
James E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Circulation Control ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Vortex Interactions ◽  
Vortex Model ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Start Up

A possible method for modeling a Circulation Controlled - Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (CC-VAWT) is a vortex model, based upon the circulation of a turbine blade. A vortex model works by continuously calculating the circulation strength and location of both free and blade vortices which are shed during rotation. The vortices’ circulation strength and location can then be used to compute a velocity at any point in or around the area of the wind turbine. This model can incorporate blade wake interactions, unsteady flow conditions, and finite aspect ratios. Blade vortex interactions can also be studied by this model to assist designers in the avoidance of adverse turbulent operational regions. Conventional vertical axis wind turbine power production is rated to produce power in an operating wind speed envelope. These turbines, unless designed specifically for low speed operation require rotational start-up assistance. The VAWT blade can be augmented to include circulation control capabilities. Circulation control can prolong the trailing edge separation and can be implemented by using blowing slots located adjacent to a rounded trailing edge surface; the rounded surface of the enhanced blade replaces the sharp trailing edge of a conventional airfoil. Blowing slots of the CC-VAWT blade are located on the top and bottom trailing edges and are site-controlled in multiple sections along the span of the blade. Improvements in the amount of power developed at lower speeds and the elimination or reduction of start-up assistance could be possible with a CC-VAWT. In order to design for a wider speed operating range that takes advantage of circulation control, an analytical model of a CC-VAWT would be helpful. The primary function of the model is to calculate the aerodynamic forces experienced by the CC-VAWT blade during various modes of operation, ultimately leading to performance predictions based on power generation. The model will also serve as a flow visualization tool to gain a better understanding of the effects of circulation control on the development and interactions of vortices within the wake region of the CC-VAWT. This paper will describe the development of a vortex analytical model of a CC-VAWT.

Momentum Analytical Model of a Circulation Controlled Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay P. Wilhelm ◽  
Chad Panther ◽  
Franz A. Pertl ◽  
James E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Circulation Control ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Operating Range ◽  
Wind Speeds ◽  
Stream Tubes

A possible method for analytically modeling a CC-VAWT (Circulation Controlled Vertical Axis Wind Turbine) is the momentum model, based upon the conservation of momentum principal. This model can consist of a single or multiple stream tubes and/or upwind and downwind partitions. A large number of stream tubes and the addition of the partition can increase the accuracy of the model predictions. The CC-VAWT blade has blowing slots located on the top and bottom trailing edges and have the capability to be site controlled in multiple sections along the span of the blade. The turbine blade, augmented to include circulation control capabilities, replaces the sharp trailing edge of a standard airfoil with a rounded surface located adjacent to the blowing slots. Circulation control (CC), along with a rounded trailing edge, induces the Coanda effect, entraining the flow field near the blowing slots thus preventing or delaying separation. Ultimately, circulation control adds momentum due to the mass flow of air coming out of the blowing slots, but is negligible compared to the momentum of the free stream air passing through the area of the turbine. In order to design for a broader range of operating speeds that will take advantage of circulation control, an analytical model of a CC-VAWT is helpful. The analytical modeling of a CC-VAWT could provide insight into the range of operational speeds in which circulation control is beneficial. The ultimate goal is to increase the range of operating speeds where the turbine produces power. Improvements to low-speed power production and the elimination or reduction of startup assistance could be possible with these modifications. Vertical axis wind turbines are typically rated at a particular ratio of rotational to wind speed operating range. In reality, however, wind speeds are variant and stray from the operating range causing the power production of a wind turbine to suffer. These turbines, unless designed specifically for low speed operation, may require rotational startup assistance. The added lift due to circulation control at low wind speeds, under certain design conditions, will allow the CC-VAWT to produce more power than a conventional VAWT of the same size. Circulation control methods, such as using blowing slots on the trailing edge are modeled as they are applied to a VAWT blade. A preliminary CC-VAWT was modeled using a standard NACA 0018 airfoil, modified to include blowing slots and a rounded trailing edge. This paper describes an analytical momentum model that can be used to predict the preliminary performance of a CC-VAWT.

Experimental Testing of a Wind Tunnel Model for Use in a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad C. Panther ◽  
Kenny A. Williams ◽  
Jay P. Wilhelm ◽  
James E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Rapid Prototyping ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Model Building ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Circulation Control ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Trailing Edge

Experimental testing was performed on a circulation controlled airfoil with upper and lower trailing edge blowing slots, controlled by span wise pneumatic valves. The augmented blade was designed for application to a circulation controlled vertical axis wind turbine. The design is based upon a conventional NACA0018 shape, replacing the sharp trailing edge with a rounded Coanda surface and blowing slots. A scale model with a chord of 8 inches and span of 16.5 inches was created using an ABS plastic rapid prototyping machine. In the past, circulation control wind tunnel models have been constructed with a separate blowing slot and trailing edge using conventional machining methods. The slot must be tediously aligned along the span for a consistent height which ultimately affects the uniformity and performance of the circulation control jet in combination with the flow rate. The rapid prototyping machine eased fabrication as a modular trailing edge section was printed which includes the Coanda surface, blowing slot, and diffuser all in one piece. Pressure taps were integrated by the prototyping machine into both the printed skin and trailing edge module. This method left additional space inside the model for circulation control valving components and eliminated the need for machining pressure ports. This paper will outline the model building procedures, wind tunnel test rig, and experimental results. Aerodynamic forces were determined by both load cells and surface pressure measurements; the agreement between the two methods will be analyzed and addressed. Test conditions include various angles of attack (±20°) at Cμ = 0, 0.02, 0.06, and 0.10; the test Reynolds number was kept constant at 300K. The results indicate that the blade performed at ΔCl/Cμ near 30 for Cμ = 0.02.

scholarly journals Dynamic Circulation Control for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine using Virtual Solidity Matching

2017 ◽  
Vol 08 (04) ◽  
pp. 99-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay P. Wilhelm ◽  
Andrew C. Nix ◽  
Chad C. Panther ◽  
Wade W. Huebsch ◽  
James E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Circulation Control ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

Airfoil Selection for a Straight Bladed Circulation Controlled Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Z. Graham ◽  
Chad Panther ◽  
Meagan Hubbell ◽  
Jay P. Wilhelm ◽  
Gerald M. Angle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Circulation Control ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Drag Coefficients ◽  
Initial Investigation ◽  
Edge Radius ◽  
Lift And Drag ◽  
Drag Ratio

A vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) prototype is being developed at West Virginia University that utilizes circulation control to enhance its performance. An airfoil was chosen for this turbine based on its performance potential, and ability to incorporate circulation control. The selection process for the airfoil involved the consideration of camber, blade thickness, and trailing edge radius and the corresponding impact on the lift and drag coefficients. The airfoil showing the highest lift/drag ratio augmentation, compared to the corresponding unmodified airfoil was determined to be the most likely shape for use on the circulation control augmented vertical axis wind turbine. The airfoils selected for this initial investigation were the NACA0018, NACA2418, 18% thick elliptical, NACA0021, and the SNLA2150. The airfoils were compared using the computational fluid dynamics program FLUENT v.6.3.26 with a blowing coefficient of 1% [1]. The size of the trailing edge radius and the slot heights were varied based on past experimental data [2]. The three trailing edge radii and two blowing slot heights were investigated. The thickness of the airfoil impacts the circulation control performance [3], thus it was studied by scaling the NACA0018 to a 21% thickness and compared to an SNLA2150 airfoil. The airfoils’ lift and drag coefficients were compared to determine the most improved lift-drag ratio (L/D). When comparing the increases of the L/D due to circulation control, the NACA0018 and 2418 airfoils were found to outperform the elliptical airfoil; the NACA0018 performed slightly better than the 2418 when comparing the same ratio L/D. The results showed that the 21% thick airfoils produced a decreased L/D profile compared to the NACA0018 airfoils. Therefore, the NACA0018 was found to be the optimal airfoil based from this initial investigation due to an increased L/D compared to the other airfoils tested.

Structural Design Considerations of a Circulation Controlled Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth A. Williams ◽  
Christina N. Yarborough ◽  
James E. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Circulation Control ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines ◽  
Operational Life ◽  
System Components ◽  
Centripetal Forces

In the latter half of the twentieth century extensive research had been performed to improve the efficiency and operational life of Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in order to make them competitive with the more common horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). Due to the completely random wind conditions and a continuously changing angle of attack of the rotating airfoil, fatigue of the system components was a major contributor to the short operational life of these traditional VAWTs. The fluctuating aerodynamic forces generated by the airfoil during rotation subject the support shaft to a substantial amount of torque ripple. In addition to the varying torque produced by the turbine, the centripetal forces generated by the airfoil’s rotation proved to be extremely large and create problems with deflection and fatigue in the airfoil’s internal support structure and especially at the attachment point of the airfoil to the support arm. One method for improving the efficiency of an aerodynamic system is to reduce the weight of the system. However, because of the forces generated during turbine operation, this proved to be a nontrivial task. West Virginia University’s (WVU) Center for Industrial Research Applications (CIRA) is exploring the implementation of circulation control on a vertical axis wind turbine to increase the lift to drag ratio of the turbine’s airfoils in order to produce a greater turning force and improve the efficiency of the system. While the common structural challenges of vertical axis wind turbines still apply, those implementing circulation control introduce additional design hurdles which must be overcome. These additional design problems concern mainly with the airfoil construction and support shaft in that they must be capable of accommodating the circulation control system components. This paper introduces the geometrical design constraints imposed on a vertical axis wind turbine through the operational requirements and serviceability of the circulation control system in addition to the traditional aerodynamic and centripetal forces generated and how they are resolved onto the individual turbine components.

Conceptual Design of a Floating Support Structure and Mooring System for a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Andreas Berthelsen ◽  
Ivar Fylling ◽  
Luca Vita ◽  
Uwe S. Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbine ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Mooring System ◽  
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine ◽  
Support Structure

This paper deals with the conceptual design of a floating support structure and mooring system for a 5MW vertical axis offshore wind turbine. The work is carried out as part of the DeepWind project, where the main objective is to investigate the feasibility of a floating vertical axis offshore wind turbine. The DeepWind concept consists of a Darrieus rotor mounted on a spar buoy support structure. The conceptual design is carried out in an iterative process, involving the different subcomponents. The present work is part of the first design iteration and the objective is to find a feasible floating support structure and mooring system for the DeepWind concept. The conceptual design is formulated as an optimization problem: Starting with an initial configuration, the optimization procedure tries to find a cheaper solution while satisfying a set of design requirements. This approach utilizes available response analysis programs for mooring system forces and vessel motions, and combines this with a gradient search method for solution of nonlinear optimization problems with arbitrary constraints. Two different mooring system configurations are considered: Chain systems with 3 and 6 lines, respectively.

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