scholarly journals Exploration of Optimal Powertrain Design Using Realistic Load Profiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Aditya Pathak ◽  
Ganesh Sethuraman ◽  
Sebastian Krapf ◽  
Aybike Ongel ◽  
Markus Lienkamp
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Public Transportation ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Rear Axle ◽  
Front Axle ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Design Exploration ◽  
Powertrain Design

The electrification of bus-based public transportation contributes to the goal of reducing the adverse environmental impacts caused by urban transportation. However, the penetration of electric vehicles has been slow due to their lower vehicle range and total costs in comparison to vehicles driven by internal combustion engines. By improving the powertrain efficiency, the total costs can be reduced for the same vehicle range. Therefore, this paper proposes a holistic design exploration approach to investigate and identify the optimal powertrain concept for electric city buses based on the component costs and energy consumption costs. The load profiles of speed, slope, and passenger occupancy profiles are derived for a selected bus route in Singapore, which is used in a powertrain design exploration for a 30-passenger vehicle. Six different powertrain architectures are analyzed, together with single and multi-speed gearbox configurations, to identify the optimal powertrain architecture and the resulting component sizes. The powertrain configurations are further analyzed in terms of their influence on the vehicle characteristics and total costs. Multi-motor configurations were found to have better vehicle characteristics and lower total costs in comparison to single rear motor configurations. Concepts with motors on the front and a rear axle could shift the load points to a higher efficiency region, resulting in lower energy consumption and energy costs. The optimal powertrain concept was a fixed-speed two-motor configuration, with a booster motor on the front axle and a motor on the rear axle.

scholarly journals Ecological comparative assessment of selected materials used for the construction of spark ignition engines

2020 ◽  
Vol 183 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Mrozik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
So2 Emissions ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Degree Of Recovery

The aim of the article is to present the environmental effects of changes in material composition in selected internal combustion engines used in passenger cars using LCA analysis. The levels of energy consumption and emissions of pollutants related to material inputs occurring at the stage of engine production have been determined. The simplified LCA model presented in the paper shows the energy consumption and total CO2 and SO2 emissions on the basis of the mass of materials from which the engine is made. The research results presented in the paper give a picture of a modern passenger car engine on the basis of wear and the degree of recovery of materials used for its construction.

scholarly journals Comparison of pollutant emission associated with the operation of passenger cars with internal combustion engines and passenger cars with electric motors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Hubert Sar ◽  
Krystian Szczepański
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines

AbstractEnergy consumption and pollutant emission aspects were ascertained for cars under traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities, on motorways and expressways, with the use of data from the inventory of emissions from road transport in Poland in 2018. The values of characteristics of energy consumption under model traffic conditions, as well as pollutant emissions and energy consumption of cars with internal combustion engines and cars with electric motors, constituted the basis for further analyses and conclusions about the characteristics of the vehicles under the study in terms of energy consumption and pollutant emissions. As a result of the research, it was found in the case of the use of electric drives, a very significant decrease in energy consumption—by 70% and the emission of non-methane volatile organic compounds—at the level of 90%. In the case of the emission of nitrogen oxides, there is a great advantage in relation to cars with compression-ignition engines, while the emission of nitrogen oxides from cars with spark-ignition engines is about two times lower. It was found that the emission of particulate matter for electric cars is about three times higher than for cars with compression-ignition engines and almost six times higher than for cars with spark-ignition engines. On the other hand, the impact on carbon dioxide emissions is small—less than 10%.

scholarly journals Environmental assessment of the production process of internal combustion engines

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-120
Author(s):  
Małgorzata MROZIK ◽  
Krzysztof DANILECKI
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Lca Methodology ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
The Past ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Composition Changes ◽  
Degree Of Recovery

The aim of this article is to demonstrate using the LCA methodology the environmental effects of material composition changes on Volkswagen Golf passenger cars over the past 30 years. The simplified LCA model of the engine presented in the work shows the energy consumption and total CO2 emissions based on the mass of materials. It was built to investigate general assumptions about material production and car recycling. The results of the research presented in the paper give an image of the modernity of a passenger car engine on the basis of consumption and the degree of recovery of materials used for its construction.

scholarly journals Analysis of Hull Shape Impact on Energy Consumption in an Electric Port Tugboat

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Wojciech Koznowski ◽  
Andrzej Łebkowski
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Shape Modification ◽  
Shipbuilding Industry ◽  
Land Vehicles ◽  
Public Data ◽  
The Impact

The trend to replace internal combustion engines with electric zero-emission drives, visible in the automotive industry, also exists in the shipbuilding industry. In contrary to land vehicles, the requirements for the electric propulsion system of tugs are much greater, which combined with the limited space and energy on board, makes any amount of energy valuable. Strategic changes in the policy of many countries, such as the “Fit for 55” package, introduce plans to significantly reduce CO2 emissions, which favors the development of alternative drives and their introduction to new areas of operation. This article presents that it is possible to reduce the amount of energy an electric tug spends for movement by applying the Particle Swarm Optimization method to modify the shape of its hull. A statistical analysis of public data was performed to determine the speed profiles of actual port tugs. The Van Oortmerssen method was used to determine the hull resistances of the proposed tug and the impact of the hull shape modification sets on reducing these resistances. Based on the six obtained speed profiles, it was determined that one of the tested variants of modifications made it possible to reduce energy consumption on average by 2.12%, to even 3.87% for one of the profiles, and that some modifications increase energy consumption by even 6.59%.

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