scholarly journals Comparative Study of Three Two-Stage Hybrid Ecological Wastewater Treatment Systems for Producing High Nutrient, Reclaimed Water for Irrigation Reuse in Developing Countries

Water ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentina Zurita ◽  
John White
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

scholarly journals Sustainability Assessment for Wastewater Treatment Systems in Developing Countries

Water ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 241
Author(s):  
Markus Starkl ◽  
Norbert Brunner ◽  
Sukanya Das ◽  
Anju Singh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Sustainability Assessment ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Suitable System ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

As the assessment of the economic, environmental, institutional, and social sustainability of wastewater treatment systems may have several conceivable goals and intended recipients, there are numerous different approaches. This paper surveys certain aspects of sustainability assessment that may be of interest to the planners of wastewater treatment systems. Here, the key criteria assess the system’s costs and financing, including its affordability for the users, the environmental impact, the benefits for health and hygiene, the cultural acceptance of the system and its recycled products, the technical functioning, and the administrative, political, and legal framework for its construction and operation. A multi-criteria approach may then be used to analyze possible trade-offs and identify the most suitable system for a certain location.

Changing needs for appropriate excreta disposal and small wastewater treatment methodologies or The future technology of small wastewater treatment systems

2004 ◽  
Vol 48 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.W. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
The Future ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

Recent developments will strongly influence the design and utilization of small wastewater treatment systems in the future, e.g. population increases in non-sewered rural areas and developing countries; increasing impairment of surface water quality; the construction of occupied high-rise buildings in metropolitan areas; the development of planned but somewhat isolated communities, growing shortages of water that mandate reuse of wastewaters. It is well known that there is a very strong linkage between wastewater disposal methods in rural areas and developing countries and the general health of the population. These problems could be greatly reduced or prevented by the utilization of well known excreta disposal and small wastewater treatment system technologies, but the development of more innovative on-site systems is needed. It is expected that future environmental and public health pressures in developed countries will require increasingly stringent effluent limitations for small and on-site wastewater disposal systems, based primarily on nutrient discharges. Both on-site and small-scale technologies are available for the more stringent requirements, but innovative and more economical designs are needed for wide-spread acceptance. Water reuse should be a consideration for the designs of these systems. Implementation and utilization of well known technologies are needed, but the obstacles are often more social and political than economical.

Appropriate wastewater treatment systems for developing countries: criteria and indictor assessment in Thailand

2009 ◽  
Vol 59 (9) ◽  
pp. 1873-1884 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Singhirunnusorn ◽  
M. K. Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Mail Survey ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Social Acceptability ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Criteria And Indicators ◽  
Evaluative Judgments ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Systems

This paper presents a comprehensive approach with factors to select appropriate wastewater treatment systems in developing countries in general and Thailand in particular. Instead of focusing merely on the technical dimensions, the study integrates the social, economic, and environmental concerns to develop a set of criteria and indicators (C&I) useful for evaluating appropriate system alternatives. The paper identifies seven elements crucial for technical selection: reliability, simplicity, efficiency, land requirement, affordability, social acceptability, and sustainability. Variables are organized into three hierarchical elements, namely: principles, criteria, and indicators. The study utilizes a mail survey to obtain information from Thai experts—academicians, practitioners, and government officials—to evaluate the C&I list. Responses were received from 33 experts on two multi-criteria analysis inquiries—ranking and rating—to obtain evaluative judgments. Results show that reliability, affordability, and efficiency are among the most important elements, followed by sustainability and social acceptability. Land requirement and simplicity are low in priority with relatively inferior weighting. A number of criteria are then developed to match the contextual environment of each particular condition. A total of 14 criteria are identified which comprised 64 indicators. Unimportant criteria and indicators are discarded after careful consideration, since some of the indicators are local or site specific.

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