scholarly journals Rainwater Harvesting to Address Current and Forecasted Domestic Water Scarcity: Application to Arid and Semi-Arid Areas

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3583
Author(s):  
Tariq Judeh ◽  
Isam Shahrour
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Semi Arid

This paper discusses the effectiveness of rooftops rainwater harvesting (RRWH) in addressing domestic water scarcity, emphasizing the West Bank (Palestine) as an example of arid to semi-arid areas with limited water resources. The paper deals with the actual and future water demand by considering climate-change impact and urban growth. The analysis is based on the evaluation of (i) the supply–demand balance index (SDBI), which designates the ratio between the total water supply (TWS) and total water demand (TWD), and (ii) the potential of RRWH. Applying this methodology to the West Bank shows that the potential RRWH can contribute by about 40 million cubic meters/year in 2020, which is approximately the same amount of water as the municipal water supply (42 million cubic meters/year). This contribution can effectively reduce the suffering governorates from 64% to 27% in 2020. Furthermore, it can support water-related decision-makers in the arid to semi-arid areas in formulating efficient and sustainable water resources strategies. The analysis also shows that the domestic water scarcity in 2050 will be worse than in 2020 for all governorates. For example, 73% of the West Bank governorates are expected to suffer from extreme to acute water scarcity in 2050 compared to 64% in 2020. Thus, RRWH appears to be highly efficient in mitigating the current and future domestic water scarcity in the West Bank.

scholarly journals Optimal Sizing of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Tanks for Sustainable Domestic Water Use in the West Bank, Palestine

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 573
Author(s):  
Sameer Shadeed ◽  
Sandy Alawna
Keyword(s):  
Storage Tank ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Average Family ◽  
Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting

In highly water-poor areas, rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) can be used for a self-sustaining and self-reliant domestic water supply. The designing of an optimal RRWH storage tank is a key parameter to implement a reliable RRWH system. In this study, the optimal size of RRWH storage tanks in the different West Bank governorates was estimated based on monthly (all governorates) and daily (i.e., Nablus) inflow (RRWH) and outflow (domestic water demand, DWD) data. In the estimation of RRWH, five rooftop areas varying between 100 m2 and 300 m2 were selected. Moreover, the reliability of the adopting RRWH system in the different West Bank governorates was tested. Two-time series scenarios were assumed: Scenario 1, S1 (12 months, annual) and scenario 2, S2 (8 months, rainy). As a result, reliable curves for preliminary estimation of optimal RRWH storage tanks for the different West Bank governorates were obtained. Results show that the required storage tank for S1 (annual) is more than that of the S2 (rainy) one. The required storage tank to fulfill DWD is based on the average rooftop area of 150 m2, the average family members of 4.8, and the average DWD of 90 L per capita per day (L/c/d) varies between (75 m3 to 136 m3) and (24 m3 to 84 m3) for S2 for the different West Bank governorates. Further, it is found that the optimal RRWH tank size for the 150 m2 rooftop ranges between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 75 m3 (in Salfit and Nablus) and between 20 m3 (in Jericho) to 51 m3 (in Jerusalem) for S1 and S2 scenarios, respectively. Finally, results show that the implementation of an RRWH system for a rooftop area of 150 m2 and family members of 4.8 is reliable for all of the West Bank governorates except Jericho. Whereas, the reliability doesn’t exceed 19% for the two scenarios. However, the reduction of DWDv is highly affecting the reliability of adopting RRWH systems in Jericho (the least rainfall governorate). For instance, a family DWDv of 3.2 m3/month (25% of the average family DWDv in the West Bank) will increase the reliability at a rooftop area of 150 m2 to 51% and 76% for S1 and S2, respectively.

scholarly journals Developing a GIS-based water poverty and rainwater harvesting suitability maps for domestic use in the Dead Sea region (West Bank, Palestine)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer M. Shadeed ◽  
Tariq G. Judeh ◽  
Mohammad N. Almasri
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
West Bank ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Very High

Abstract. In Dead Sea region as arid to semi-arid regions, water shortage and the inability to satisfy the increasing domestic water demand have been threatening the sustainable development. In such situations, domestic rainwater harvesting is considered an efficient management option to combat water poverty. This paper aims to develop a domestic water poverty (DWP) and domestic rainwater harvesting suitability (DRWHS) maps for the West Bank, Palestine (5860 km2). The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) together with the GIS-based weighted overly summation process (WOSP) was utilized in the development of these maps. A total of 12 and four different assessing criteria were used in the development of DWP and DRWHS maps, respectively. Results of DWP map indicate that about 57 % of the West Bank is under high to very high domestic water poverty. On the other hand, the DRWHS map indicates that about 60 % of the West Bank can be classified as high to very high suitable areas for domestic rainwater harvesting. Furthermore, DWP and DRWHS maps intersection indicates that around 31 % of the West Bank areas could be classified as high potential locations for adopting rainwater harvesting techniques for domestic purposes. Finally, the developed maps are of high value for different stakeholders to realize the importance of promoting rainwater harvesting for a self-sustaining and self-reliant domestic water supply in high water poverty areas in the Dead Sea region generally and in the West Bank particularly.

scholarly journals Developing GIS-based water poverty and rainwater harvesting suitability maps for domestic use in the Dead Sea region (West Bank, Palestine)

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 1581-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sameer M. Shadeed ◽  
Tariq G. Judeh ◽  
Mohammad N. Almasri
Keyword(s):  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Dead Sea ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
The West ◽  
Suitability Maps ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
The Dead

Abstract. In the arid region of the Dead Sea, water shortage and the inability to satisfy the increasing domestic water demand threatens sustainable development. In such situations, domestic rainwater harvesting is considered an efficient way to combat water poverty. This paper aims to develop domestic water poverty (DWP) and domestic rainwater harvesting suitability (DRWHS) maps for the West Bank, Palestine. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and the GIS-based weighted overlay summation process (WOSP) were utilized in the development of these maps. Results of the DWP map indicate that 57 % of the West Bank is under high to very high poverty of domestic water. The DRWHS map shows that 60 % of the West Bank is highly suitable for domestic rainwater harvesting. Spatial intersection (combined mapping) between DWP and DRWHS maps indicates that around 31 % of the total West Bank areas could be classified as high potential locations (hotspot areas) for adopting rainwater harvesting techniques for domestic purposes. The developed maps are valuable to the stakeholders to better identify the best areas of rainwater harvesting in the West Bank.

scholarly journals The sustainability of rainwater harvesting for supplying domestic water demand in Yogyakarta City

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 ◽  
pp. 04004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basyar I. Arijuddin ◽  
Ig. L. Setyawan Purnama ◽  
Emilya Nurjani
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Sustainable Water Supply ◽  
Yogyakarta City

Yogyakarta city has a problem of water resources management along with the rapid development in this region. Rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be an alternative choice in urban water resources management. This study aims to determine the best RWH scenario as a sustainable water supply to meet domestic water demand in Yogyakarta City. The method used is the Sustainability Index with 3 parameters including reliability, resilience and vulnerability. Each parameter is a derivative of a water balance simulation of the RWH system using the data range in the period 2006–2015. This study compares the percentage of roof usage in the RWH system and the level of domestic water demand. The results of this study indicate that the RWH scenario by utilizing 50 %–75 % of the roof area can be ideally meet up to 80 % of domestic water needs in Yogyakarta City. RWH scenario with 100 % roof usage can meet all domestic water needs well. This study shows that the RWH system can have a positive impact on the management and sustainability of water resources in Yogyakarta City.

scholarly journals REÚSO DE ÁGUA E CONSTRUÇÃO DE CENÁRIOS FUTUROS: PERSPECTIVAS E DESAFIOS PARA REGIÕES SEMIÁRIDAS

polemica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 072-086
Author(s):  
Sandra Sereide Ferreira da Silva ◽  
Vera Lúcia Antunes De Lima ◽  
Ângela Maria Cavalcanti Ramalho ◽  
Allan Carlos Alves
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
The Public ◽  
Building Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Semi Arid

Resumo: A escassez da água em regiões áridas e semiáridas tem sido tema de debates, políticas e pesquisas com o objetivo principal de subsidiar as ações capazes de permitir o seu aproveitamento racional, permitindo a convivência da população com os períodos de seca ou reduzida precipitação. Assim, a escassez de água tem conduzido à implantação de projetos de desenvolvimento, que têm como desafio a busca de alternativas de convivência com a seca que conduzam a melhorias sociais. Com base nesse contexto, este estudo tem como objetivo propor a criação de um modelo de construção de cenários para viabilidade do reúso de água para ser utilizado como elemento mitigador das implicações da seca em regiões semiáridas. O modelo de construção de cenários é um importante instrumento de gerenciamento de recursos naturais, neste caso específico, recursos hídricos, pois permite envolver um grande número de participantes, tem a possibilidade de orientar o debate público para a construção estratégica coletiva de um futuro almejado, contribui para um eficaz processo de aprendizagem organizacional no âmbito do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos visando um melhor entendimento, tanto dos aspectos ambientais quanto dos aspectos sociais e institucionais relacionados aos recursos hídricos no País, em especial, nas regiões semiáridas. Como se trabalham e convivem com a incerteza, os cenários procuram analisar e sistematizar as diversas probabilidades dos eventos e dos processos por meio da exploração dos pontos de mudança e das grandes tendências, de modo que as alternativas mais prováveis sejam antecipadas.Palavras-chaves: Recursos Hídricos. Reúso de Água. Regiões Semiáridas. Construção de Cenários.Abstract: Water scarcity in arid and semi-arid regions has been the subject of debates, policies and research with the main objective of subsidizing actions capable of allowing their rational use, allowing the population to coexist with periods of drought or reduced precipitation. Thus, water scarcity has led to the implementation of development projects, which challenge the search for alternatives to coexistence with drought that lead to social improvements. Based on this context, this study aims to propose the creation of a model for the construction of scenarios for the feasibility of water reuse to be used as a mitigating element of the drought implications in semi-arid regions. The scenario building model is an important tool for managing natural resources, in this specific case, water resources, since it allows a large number of participants to be involved, it has the possibility of guiding the public debate towards the collective strategic construction of a desired future, contributes to an effective organizational learning process within the National Water Resources Management System aiming at a better understanding of both the environmental aspects and the social and institutional aspects related to the water resources in the Country, especially in the semi-arid regions. As they work and coexist with uncertainty, the scenarios seek to analyze and systematize the various probabilities of events and processes by exploring the points of change and the major trends, so that the most likely alternatives are anticipated.Keywords: Water Resources. Water reuse. Semi-Arid Regions. Construction of Scenarios.

scholarly journals Optimal Water Resources Regulation for the Pond Irrigation System Based on Simulation—A Case Study in Jiang-Huai Hilly Regions, China

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
pp. 2717 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shangming Jiang ◽  
Shaowei Ning ◽  
Xiuqing Cao ◽  
Juliang Jin ◽  
Fan Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Allocation ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Technological Support ◽  
Domestic Water Demand ◽  
Irrigation Districts ◽  
Regulation Model

Due to the importance and complexity of water resources regulations in the pond irrigation systems of the Jiang-Huai hilly regions, a water allocation simulation model for pond irrigation districts based on system simulation theory was developed in this study. To maximize agricultural irrigation benefits while guaranteeing rural domestic water demand, an optimal water resources regulation model for pond irrigation districts and a simulation-based optimal water resources regulation technology system for the pond irrigation system were developed. Using this system, it was determined that the suitable pond coverage rate (pond capacity per unit area) was 2.92 × 105 m3/km2. Suitable water supply and operational rules for adjusting crop planting structure were also developed the water-saving irrigation method and irrigation system. To guarantee rural domestic water demand, the multi-year average total irrigation water deficit of the study area decreased by 4.66 × 104 m3/km2; the average multi-year water deficit ratio decreased from 20.40% to 1.18%; the average multi-year irrigation benefit increased by 1.11 × 105 RMB (16,128$)/km2; and the average multi-year revenue increased by 6.69%. Both the economic and social benefits were significant. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis and technological support for comprehensive pone governance in the Jiang-Huai hilly regions and promote the establishment of a water allocation scheme and irrigation system for pond irrigation districts, which have practical significance and important application value.

Water Rights in the West Bank and in Gaza

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 621-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
BIRGIT SCHLÜTTER
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
International Law ◽  
West Bank ◽  
Water Rights ◽  
The West ◽  
Palestinian Territories ◽  
Peace Negotiations ◽  
The World ◽  
West Bank And Gaza ◽  
International Decade

With the launch of the UN International Decade for Water on 22 March 2005, awareness is raised in the international community of the growing demand and scarcity of water for people throughout the world. Water is a particularly scarce resource in both Israel and the Palestinian Territories. The use of the water resources of the West Bank and Gaza has been part and parcel of the Israeli–Palestinian peace negotiations. With the beginning of new peace negotiations under Palestinian President Mahmud Abbas, the topic of water and its allocation to Palestinians and Israelis is back on the negotiation table. The present article will point to the water crisis in Israel and the Palestinian Territories and analyse core provisions of international law which govern the use of water resources. Finally, it will outline how an allocation of water rights according to principles of international law could take place.

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