scholarly journals Unveiling Economic Co-Benefits of Virtual Water Trades: An Empirical Analysis on China’s JingJinJi Megalopolis

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3140
Author(s):  
Xiawei Liao ◽  
Aixi Han ◽  
Shanghong Li ◽  
Yujie Du ◽  
Li Chai
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Data Envelopment ◽  
Model Combining ◽  
Metropolitan Cities ◽  
National Capital ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model ◽  
Water Scarce

The development of metropolitan cities inevitably relies on natural resources beyond their boundary through trade of materials and products, particularly within the same urban agglomeration. Meanwhile trade facilitates the optimization of resource allocations under scarcity, among cities and sectors, and therefore generates economic gains. This study constructs an economic evaluation model combining a Multi-Regional Input-Output model and a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to quantify the economic impacts of virtual water trades among the 13 cities in the JingJinJi region (China national capital area), one of the most water-scarce regions in China. We found that the total virtual water trade among the 13 cities amounted to 927 million m3 in 2012, among which agricultural sectors contributed 90% while the industrial sector and service sector together made up the remaining 10%. While Beijing and Tianjin are the main virtual water importers, importing respectively 300.48 and 226.92 million m3 in 2012, Shijiazhuang was the largest virtual water exporter, exporting 173.29 million m3 virtual water in the same year. Due to their more advanced economic conditions, Beijing and Tianjin also have the highest shadow prices of water, at respectively 912.21 and 831.86 CNY per m3, compared to a range of 79.31 to 263.03 CNY per m3 in cities in Hebei. Virtual water flows from cities in Hebei to Beijing and Tianjin thus generate economic gains. It is estimated that virtual water trades in the JingJinJi region have generated a net economic gain of 403.62 billion CNY in 2012, particularly owing to trades of agricultural products from Shijiazhuang to Beijing and Tianjin.

Food and Water Security in West Asia

2018 ◽  
pp. 512-529
Author(s):  
Eckart Woertz
Keyword(s):  
Role Model ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Policy Solutions

West Asia is one of the most water-scarce regions of the world and one of its foremost importers of virtual water despite sustained efforts at self-sufficiency, especially in cereal production. Technology-oriented policy solutions eye a reorientation of agriculture towards fruit and vegetables that are less water-intensive than cereals and provide more value added per water unit consumed. Turkey is a role model here; the country has an agricultural trade surplus and ranks among the top ten agricultural economies globally in value terms. Yet technology-oriented policy prescriptions overlook the sociopolitical ‘problemsheds’ that emerge (along with new agro-lobbies) and agriculture as the main water consumer has to compete with other economic sectors and sprawling urbanization. This article looks at the different categories of countries and their specific challenges.

scholarly journals Water Footprint and Virtual Water Trade of Maize in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 1769
Author(s):  
Maria Macarena Arrien ◽  
Maite M. Aldaya ◽  
Corina Iris Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Basin Scale ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
First Time

Agriculture is the largest fresh water consuming sector, and maize is the most produced and consumed crop worldwide. The water footprint (WF) methodology quantifies and evaluates the water volumes consumed and polluted by a given crop, as well as its impacts. In this work, we quantified for the first time the green WF (soil water from precipitation that is evapotranspired) and the green virtual water exports of maize from Buenos Aires province, Argentina, during 2016–2017, due to the relevance of this region in the world maize trade. Furthermore, at local level, we quantified the green, blue (evapotranspired irrigation), and grey (volume of water needed to assimilate a pollution load) WF of maize in a pilot basin. The green WF of maize in the province of Buenos Aires ranged between 170 and 730 m3/ton, with the highest values in the south following a pattern of yields. The contribution of this province in terms of green virtual water to the international maize trade reached 2213 hm3/year, allowing some water-scarce nations to ensure water and water-dependent food security and avoid further environmental impacts related to water. At the Napaleofú basin scale, the total WF of rainfed maize was 358 m3/ton (89% green and 11% grey) and 388 m3/ton (58% green, 25% blue, and 17% grey) for the irrigated crop, showing that there is not only a green WF behind the exported maize, but also a Nitrogen-related grey WF.

Economic Appraisal of Energy-Conservation Construction during the Build-and-Run Cycle

2011 ◽  
Vol 71-78 ◽  
pp. 451-455
Author(s):  
Yi Fang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Economic Appraisal ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model ◽  
Building Energy Saving

Based on the build-and-run cycle of the energy-conservation building, this paper studied from the perspective of building energy-saving. It analyzed the amount of increased investment through the analysis of build-and-run cycle cost and economic benefits of the energy-conservation building throughout the life cycle.Finally it establishes an economic evaluation model for the energy-saving building.

Economic Structural Transformation in Emerging Market Countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 097491012110046
Author(s):  
Kunling Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Structural Transformation ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Trade Structure ◽  
Emerging Market Countries

This article analyzes the structural transformation in 30 emerging market countries (E30) on the dimensions of industry, trade, and urbanization. It finds that first, in the agricultural sector, E30 have contributed greatly to the increase of the global agricultural productivity and the transfer of labor force from the agricultural sector to industry or the service sector. However, these countries still feature a high percentage of agricultural employment, which means there is vast room for shifting the agricultural labor force. Second, in the industrial sector, E30 have made remarkable contributions to the world’s industrial development but have also displayed a trend of premature “deindustrialization.” Third, the service sector has picked up speed and gradually turned into a new driver of economic development in E30. Against this backdrop, E30 face the major challenge of how to cope with the premature deindustrialization and smoothly shift the economic growth engine from the industrial sector to the service sector. Fourth, E30 have become an important force in the world trade, with their trade structure switching from simple, primary, low-value-added goods to sophisticated, high-grade, and high-value-added goods and services. However, some emerging market countries are more susceptible to the impacts of the anti-globalization trend because of their high reliance on foreign trade and improper trade structure. Therefore, how to diversify the economy and enhance its economic resilience holds the key to the sustainable economic development of E30. Fifth, E30 have contributed greatly to world urbanization. As urbanization relies more on the service sector than on the industrial sector, it is vital to properly strike a balance between industrialization and urbanization, and between industrialization and service sector development.

Economic Evaluation of Remanufacturing End-of-Life Electromechanical Products

2012 ◽  
Vol 472-475 ◽  
pp. 2670-2673
Author(s):  
Zhao Long Xu ◽  
Su Mei Xiao ◽  
Yu Qiang Shi
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Electromechanical Products ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model

With the shortening of product life cycle, and the constant increasing of End-of-life Electromechanical Products, the processing of waste products appears especially important and urgent. This paper, based on an existing recycle model, has established an economic evaluation model of end-of-life electromechanical products. Based on the collection of a large amount of data and tests, the research and evaluation of the engine has proved it is suitability for remanufacturing.

scholarly journals Archaeological Site Conservation and Enhancement: An Economic Evaluation Model for the Selection of Investment Projects

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 3907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Di Ruocco ◽  
Antonio Nesticò
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Model ◽  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Territorial Planning ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Selection Processes ◽  
Economic Evaluation Model ◽  
Social Environmental

For sustainable development of the territory, public administrations must guarantee the efficient allocation of available resources. This is also important for the conservation and enhancement of archaeological sites, able to generate multiple effects—not only strictly cultural, but also social, environmental, and financial—in their reference area. Although today, decisions on investments to be implemented are seldom supported by logical and operational methodologies able to rationalize the selection processes. Thus, proposing and implementing survey instruments to optimize the use of funds, in the light of a technical-economic process that is valid on a methodological level—that is repeatable and not complex to use—is likely necessary. This paper proposes a multicriteria evaluation model for the choice among projects concerning archaeological sites. According to pre-established criteria, the analysis protocol is defined using the algorithms of discrete linear programming, already successfully used in urban and territorial planning. These algorithms are written in A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL); software which allows the consideration of several—both technical and economic—constraints that the system imposes. The model is verified by a case study, highlighting its potential and limits, as well as outlining future research perspectives.

scholarly journals Menemukan Strategi Pengembangan Kawasan Industri Melalui Analisis Sektor Unggulan Kota Binjai

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Dessy Eresina Pinem
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Optimal Growth ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Local Potential ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Multiplier Effects ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

<pre><em>The industrial sector is a primary sector has the potential to create a progressive growth in a region. The growth in the region rely on the industrial sector was driven by sales of production, employment, and other multiplier effects so </em><em>that </em><em>many </em><em>of </em><em>districts or cities in North Sumatra </em><em>try</em><em> to develop this sector. The industr</em><em>y </em><em>that can be developed </em><em>is</em><em> an appropriate industrial potential and local resource to be optimal growth in the region. In RTRW Kota Binjai years 2011 - 2030, District of North Binjai designated as an industrial area. Industries that are planned to be developed are a high-tech industry. But the problem is whether the type specified in the RTRW industry is the industry that corresponds to the potential of local resources and the District of North Binjai? The purpose of this paper is to find the right industry to be developed by local potential or excellence, especially in the District Binjai Utara Binjai. The analytical tool used is the analysis of LQ, shift share and SWOT discovered the potential and advantages that can be seen Binjai compliance with industry directed by RTRW. The analysis </em><em>results </em><em>show that the industrial sector is not a primary</em><em> </em><em>sector or potential sector in Binjai. The results of LQ and shift share analysis show that the sector with the potential to be developed in Binjai was the construction sector, finance, and services. The similarity with the RTRW policy is only in the service sector. This shows that the service sector can be developed while the computer industry, multimedia, publishing, and printing) is not in accordance with the local potential. However, if the government still wants to develop the industrial sector in North Binjai, there should be diversification strategies, namely building-related industry sectors, such as industry superior building materials and mining industries.</em><em></em></pre>

Water Wars by Other Means: Virtual Water and Global Economic Restructuring

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-103
Author(s):  
Andrew Biro
Keyword(s):  
North Africa ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Economic Restructuring ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Policy Measure ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Water Wars ◽  
American Primacy ◽  
Water Scarce

In the mid-1990s, Tony Allan coined the term “virtual water” to describe international grain shipments, arguing that for purposes of economic efficiency and political legitimacy, governments in water-scarce nations would be better served by importing grain and diverting limited domestic water supplies to higher-value purposes than by producing grain. This concept has gained considerable traction in explaining the absence of “water wars,” particularly in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). As a prescriptive policy measure, I argue first that the exemplarity of the MENA serves an ideological function, premised on a market environmentalist approach, and framing “water crisis” as a problem of physical scarcity rather than underdevelopment. Historical trends in virtual water imports, as well as the problem of American primacy in virtual water exports, are then used to develop an account of virtual water trade that situates it within the political and economic restructuring associated with US-led globalization.

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