scholarly journals Understanding Microbial Loads in Wastewater Treatment Works as Source Water for Water Reuse

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 1452
Author(s):  
Hodon Ryu ◽  
Yao Addor ◽  
Nichole E. Brinkman ◽  
Michael W. Ware ◽  
Laura Boczek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treated Effluent

Facing challenges in water demands and population size, particularly in the water-scarce regions in the United States, the reuse of treated municipal wastewater has become a viable potential to relieve the ever-increasing demands of providing water for (non-)potable use. The objectives of this study were to assess microbial quality of reclaimed water and to investigate treatability of microorganisms during different treatment processes. Raw and final treated effluent samples from three participating utilities were collected monthly for 16 months and analyzed for various microbial pathogens and fecal indicator organisms. Results revealed that the detectable levels of microbial pathogens tested were observed in the treated effluent samples from all participating utilities. Log10 reduction values (LRVs) of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts were at least two orders of magnitude lower than those of human adenovirus and all fecal indicator organisms except for aerobic endospores, which showed the lowest LRVs. The relatively higher LRV of the indicator organisms such as bacteriophages suggested that these microorganisms are not good candidates of viral indicators of human adenovirus during wastewater treatment processes. Overall, this study will assist municipalities considering the use of wastewater effluent as another source of drinking water by providing important data on the prevalence, occurrence, and reduction of waterborne pathogens in wastewater. More importantly, the results from this study will aid in building a richer microbial occurrence database that can be used towards evaluating reuse guidelines and disinfection practices for water reuse practices.

scholarly journals Occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Six Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants at the Early Stage of COVID-19 Pandemic in The United States

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 798
Author(s):  
Samendra P. Sherchan ◽  
Shalina Shahin ◽  
Jeenal Patel ◽  
Lauren M. Ward ◽  
Sarmila Tandukar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Untreated Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Wastewater Samples

In this study, we investigated the occurrence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in primary influent (n = 42), secondary effluent (n = 24) and tertiary treated effluent (n = 34) collected from six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs A–F) in Virginia (WWTP A), Florida (WWTPs B, C, and D), and Georgia (WWTPs E and F) in the United States during April–July 2020. Of the 100 wastewater samples analyzed, eight (19%) untreated wastewater samples collected from the primary influents contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA as measured by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays. SARS-CoV-2 RNA were detected in influent wastewater samples collected from WWTP A (Virginia), WWTPs E and F (Georgia) and WWTP D (Florida). Secondary and tertiary effluent samples were not positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA indicating the treatment processes in these WWTPs potentially removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA during the secondary and tertiary treatment processes. However, further studies are needed to understand the log removal values (LRVs) and transmission risks of SARS-CoV-2 RNA through analyzing wastewater samples from a wider range of WWTPs.

scholarly journals Upgrading of decentralized ponds for municipal wastewater treatment and restricted reuse

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy ◽  
Inka Hobus ◽  
Werner Hegemann
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Pond System ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Quality ◽  
Construction Operation

Upgrading of a pond system for municipal wastewater treatment in a decentralized area is evaluated. The pond was constructed for the treatment of 63 m3/d. Currently it receives 83 m3/d, therefore poor treatment efficiency was recorded. An expansion of 1.6 times the present land area was required. In addition to construction, operation and maintenance were required to meet the permissible limits. The other option was to introduce aeration system to the ponds without any additional requirements. The efficiency of the successive treatment steps on the wastewater quality, including metals in the treated effluent/sludge and bacterial counts, was evaluated for agricultural reuse. The physical, chemical and bacterial parameters as well as the input aeration load (h) during the study period were investigated extensively. The results indicated that remarkable improvement in the treated effluent was achieved after upgrading the pond system via aeration. The removal rate of the pollution parameters ranged from 75 to 85%. The level of heavy metals in the produced sludge was below the permissible concentration and does not represent any risk. Meanwhile, it was possible to avoid any requirements for addition land area or construction of treatment and proved that the treated effluents can be reused for restricted water reuse.

Wastewater treatment challenges faced by the petrochemical and refinery industry, and opportunities for water reuse

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Zaffaroni ◽  
G. Daigger ◽  
P. Nicol ◽  
T. W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Industrial Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Industrial Facilities ◽  
Absorption Chillers ◽  
Treated Effluent

Industrial wastewater differs from municipal wastewater. The limits for treated effluent discharge and targets for re-use are typically the same, and derived from the best available technology for municipal wastewater treatment. The main treatment unitary processes are also the same; although proper adaptation to specific, different, industrial wastewater streams is needed. This paper provides some examples of the challenges presented by specific wastewater sources (high total dissolved solids, high temperature, spent caustic, etc.), lack of previous similar experience – e.g., using membrane bioreactors for refinery wastewaters, and/or absorption chillers, and plate and frame heat exchangers) or to legislation protecting sensitive environments (limits on total nitrogen or soluble metals). The methods by which these were faced and overcome to achieve treatment and/or re-use standards are described. General water cycle optimization issues around industrial facilities with appropriate use of existing wastewater treatment units are also discussed, as well as selecting between treated municipal and industrial effluents as sources for water re-use.

Occurrence and Removal of Selected Pharmaceuticals in a Wastewater Treatment Plant

2012 ◽  
Vol 573-574 ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Yan Ping Duan ◽  
Zhi Hao Wen ◽  
Xiang Zhou Meng ◽  
Ling Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Clofibric Acid ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Dissolved Phase ◽  
Weak Tendency

The occurrence and removal of selected pharmaceuticals have been investigated in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Shanghai in this study. Ibuprofen (IBP), naproxen (NPX), ketoprofen (KEP), diclofenac (DFC), and clofibric acid (CA) were selected as target compounds. Results showed that all of these pharmaceuticals were detected in the influent samples with IBP showing the highest concentrations (1380 ng/L). The partition coefficient (logKd) between the particulate and the dissolved phase calculated for KEP, NPX, CA, DFC, and IBP ranged from 1.2 to 2.2 in the raw sewage and the treated effluent suggesting the weak tendency of the target pharmaceuticals being absorbed onto particles. Different compounds were removed to different extent in the WWTP treatment processes. The highest removal efficiency was observed for IBP and the lowest for CA, 87.2% and 36.7%, respectively. The results indicated that municipal WWTP cannot remove these pharmaceuticals efficiently.

STUDIES REGARDING THE PERFORMANCES OF MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-692
Author(s):  
Elisabeta Chirila ◽  
Ionela Carazeanu Popovici ◽  
Techin Ibadula ◽  
Alice Iordache
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Treatment Processes

Occurrence and fate of relevant substances in wastewater treatment plants regarding Water Framework Directive and future legislations

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (7) ◽  
pp. 1179-1189 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Martin Ruel ◽  
J.-M. Choubert ◽  
H. Budzinski ◽  
C. Miège ◽  
M. Esperanza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Framework Directive ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Conventional Activated Sludge ◽  
Treatment Processes

The next challenge of wastewater treatment is to reliably remove micropollutants at the microgram per litre range. During the present work more than 100 substances were analysed through on-site mass balances over 19 municipal wastewater treatment lines. The most relevant substances according to their occurrence in raw wastewater, in treated wastewater and in sludge were identified, and their fate in wastewater treatment processes was assessed. About half of priority substances of WFD were found at concentrations higher than 0.1 μg/L in wastewater. For 26 substances, potential non-compliance with Environmental Quality Standard of Water Framework Directive has been identified in treated wastewater, depending on river flow. Main concerns are for Cd, DEHP, diuron, alkylphenols, and chloroform. Emerging substances of particular concern are by-products, organic chemicals (e.g. triclosan, benzothiazole) and pharmaceuticals (e.g. ketoprofen, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine). About 80% of the load of micropollutants was removed by conventional activated sludge plants, but about two-thirds of removed substances were mainly transferred to sludge.

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