scholarly journals Macroeconomic Accounting of Water Resources: An Input-Output Approach to Linkage Analysis and Impact Indicators Applied to the State of Ceará, Brazil

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 869
Author(s):  
Rogério Barbosa Soares ◽  
Samiria Maria Oliveira da Silva ◽  
Francisco de Assis de Souza Filho ◽  
Witalo de Lima Paiva
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Joint Analysis ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Water Flows

This work aims to identify the key sectors of the economic structure, considering their water flows, and estimate each sector’s impact. The goal is to highlight systemic characteristics in the regional economy, establish water use priorities, and assess water security. Based on a regional input-output matrix, we use the following methodologies: the Rasmussen and Hirschman indices for the ‘forward and backward linkages’; simple multipliers of production, job, and income; and the elasticity of water consumption to final water demand. Thirty-two economic sectors and household consumption are analysed. From the elasticity of final water demand, we find that both trade and household consumption put more pressure on water consumption. Furthermore, a joint analysis of the applied methodologies shows that: (a) the trade sector is more relevant for the linkage of water flows, (b) the agriculture sector has the highest direct water consumption, and (c) the public administration sector has the highest intermediate water consumption.

An Analysis of Water Consumption and Pollution with the Input-Output Model in the Haihe River Basin, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 864-867 ◽  
pp. 1059-1069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Bo Qin ◽  
Yang Wen Jia ◽  
Z. Su ◽  
Hans T.A. Bressers ◽  
Hao Wang
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Haihe River Basin ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Haihe River ◽  
The Haihe River Basin

It is widely believed that the economic success in China is achieved at the expense of natural resources and has resulted in severe pollution of the environment, especially water resources. This study applies a hybrid input-output (IO) model linking economic and ecological systems in order to analyze water consumption and wastewater discharge in the Haihe River Basin. Within the environmental IO framework, a series of assessment indicators is calculated to assist in tracking both direct and indirect effects of freshwater consumption and wastewater discharge in the economic sector, as well as to distinguish the economic sectors that have greatest influence on water demand and pollution. Assessment results indicate that water consumption and pollution can be reduced by readjusting the structure of production, consumption and trade in the Haihe River Basin. It is concluded that in order to achieve sustainable development in the Haihe River Basin with its very poor water endowment, not only the direct but also the indirect effects on water demand and pollution should be considered when production, consumption and trade policies are formulated.

Virtual water and input–output framework: an alternative method for assessing trade and water consumption in FYR Macedonia

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-326
Author(s):  
Jordan Hristov ◽  
Aleksandra Martinovska-Stojcheska ◽  
Yves Surry
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
National Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Total Water Consumption

This study analyzed direct and indirect relationships in water consumption by Macedonian economic sectors using virtual water in an input–output framework. Macedonia was found to be characterized by intensive water consumption, with some sectors having a significant virtual water content in their products. Virtual water multipliers were used to analyze the trade balance and determine whether national commercial trade strategies are in line with Heckscher–Ohlin (HO) theory. It was found that Macedonia trade strategies in terms of virtual water were generally in line with HO theory. However, as a consequence of significant exports and high virtual water content in vegetables, fruit, grapes and sheep and goat products within the agriculture sector and in food and basic metal products in the manufacturing sector, the region was a net exporter of virtual water, losing about 124 million m3 of water at 2005 level or 18% of total water consumption. Reducing exports of the most water-intensive products with significant net positive exports would result in substantial water savings of 42% of total water consumption. The results presented here can help policy makers in promoting production specializations that are more environmentally sustainable or in redesigning existing water pricing policies at national level to encourage rational use of water.

The Economic Role of Water in FYR Macedonia: An Input–Output Analysis and Implications for the Western Balkan Countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 02 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Hristov ◽  
Aleksandra Martinovska-Stojcheska ◽  
Yves Surry
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Pricing Policy ◽  
Electrical Machinery ◽  
Agriculture Sector

Sustainable management of water resources is imperative in the Western Balkan (WB) region, due to the seasonal, spatial and quality distribution of these resources. This paper analyzed water consumption and associated relationships between the economic sectors in Macedonia in 2005, based on input–output (IO) analysis. Using an environmentally extended IO framework, water consumption was investigated by developing several indicators. Disaggregation of the agriculture sector into 11 sub-sectors, combined with backward and forward linkage analysis, allowed us to identify rice, fruits, grapes and wine, other crop and cattle production as key water-consuming sub-sectors. The developed indicators revealed a high proportion of direct water consumption in agriculture and some other non-agricultural sectors such as mining and quarrying, other mining and quarrying products, food products and beverages as well as electrical machinery, which imposed significant pressure on natural water resources in Macedonia. Therefore, changes in production technology and specializations in Macedonia toward less water-intensive options are needed to ease the pressure on natural water resources. Extending the existing water pricing policy to capture economic, social and environmental aspects should also be considered. Moreover, the development and construction of water accounts and the disaggregation procedure have valuable implications for the WB countries. Applications elsewhere following this Macedonian example can provide a meaningful understanding of the role of water and interdependencies at regional level and increase awareness of the water resource availability at trans-boundary scale.

scholarly journals Direct and indirect water use within the Australian economy

Water Policy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1239
Author(s):  
Beatriz Reutter ◽  
Paul A. Lant ◽  
Joe L. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
State Level ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Australian Economy ◽  
Australian Bureau Of Statistics

Abstract We present the first analysis of water use in the Australian economy to account for inter-state trade, exports and consumption patterns, across all economic sectors and incorporating a temporal analysis. This is achieved by using the environmentally extended input-output technique, combining state-level input-output and water accounts from the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Results show that the three big eastern economies (New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland) rely mostly on water used within their jurisdictions. Approximately one-third of water consumption is for exported commodities, with the biggest export flows of virtual water being associated with agricultural production. Comparing results across the years (2000–2011), the water consumption associated with the provision of goods and services has decreased by 32% for exports, and by 38% for domestic markets. To date in Australia, the focus for improved trans-boundary water management (within Australia) has been on improved mechanisms for sharing physical allocation of water; these results provide the trans-boundary economic dependencies related to water availability. Recent innovations in the compilation of economic input-output models create an opportunity to progress this analysis, exploring in detail the economy–water interlinkages. It is our intention that the paper shows the value of analysing water flows using the multi-regional input-output techniques.

Water demand: the Austrian end-use study and conclusions for the future

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Neunteufel ◽  
Laurent Richard ◽  
Reinhard Perfler
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Household Consumption ◽  
Single Family ◽  
End Use

Demographic and climate change will affect in the long term the total water consumption and therefore the planning and management of the related infrastructures. End-use studies provide information on water consumption and its influencing factors. However the availability of such detailed data is very limited. The research project carried out was based on total daily water consumption collected from 12 Austrian water supply areas for periods covering up to 10 years. The general data were complemented with high resolution measurements (ranging from day to 10 second intervals) of household consumption of residential buildings, semi-detached houses, single family homes, and weekend cottages as well as with meteorological data and comprehensive socio-economic and personal information. The major factors influencing residential household consumption are: demographic dynamics; age distribution; household size/family size; living conditions; and regional economic development. In the short term, water consumption is influenced by temperature, precipitation, day of the week and time. For residential consumption, these last parameters were found to be the main causes for the existing peak demands. Modernisation will lead to a further decrease of the indoor per capita water demand. The outdoor demand and its peaks are expected to increase due to climate change.

scholarly journals Assessment of Virtual Water Flows in Iran Using a Multi-Regional Input-Output Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7424
Author(s):  
Ehsan Qasemipour ◽  
Farhad Tarahomi ◽  
Markus Pahlow ◽  
Seyed Saeed Malek Sadati ◽  
Ali Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
National Income ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Water Flows

The growth of Iran’s agricultural sector in the past few decades has exerted enormous pressure on its aquifers. There is a strong disparity between economic development and natural resource endowments, which threatens water and food security. In this paper, we used a multiregional input–output (MRIO) framework to assess the virtual water flows in Iran. We also estimate the internal and external water footprint of regions compared to their water availability. The results show that the northern part of the country, with no water scarcity, imported virtual water through the trade of goods and services, while severely water-scarce regions were net virtual water exporters. Iran had a net export of 1811 Mm3 per annum. While blue water resources (surface and groundwater) accounted for 92.2% of the national water footprint, 89.1% of total exports were related to the agriculture sector, contributing to only 10.5% of the national income. The results suggest that policy-makers should reconsider the current trade policy regarding food production liberalization in order to make Iran’s limited water resources available for producing industrial goods, which can contribute more to the economy.

Irrigation-Water Demand in the Maltese Islands – A Comparative Study between CROPWAT Analysis and In-Situ Monitoring for Ten Horticulture Crops

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Robert Vassallo ◽  
Marco Dimech
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Irrigation Demand ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Maltese Islands ◽  
Demand Models

In Malta, freshwater resources are scarce and their availability and accessibility are likely to be further exacerbated as a result of changing climatic patterns and increased urbanization. The agriculture sector, namely the consequence of irrigation demand, is heavily dependent on freshwater, making use of private boreholes to extract freshwater from underground aquifers. Numerous studies and reports have attempted to quantify and estimate the water use by agriculture. However, there exists a great deal of variability in the reported estimates as well in the models themselves. This paper presents an up-to-date compilation of the current irrigation use models and datasets for the Maltese islands and provides a critical assessment of the main principles behind the methodologies used. In order to understand better the adequacy and suitability of current estimates, a series of field studies were carried out to monitor the irrigation use in ten horticulture crops and compared against evapotranspiration and irrigation demand modelling using CROPWAT analysis. Field studies have indicated that irrigation was applied with care and overall resulted in lower water consumption (44%) when compared to model-generated estimations. Our study indicates that water consumption for crop production on a national scale is significantly lower than previously reported estimates. For the first time, irrigation demand figures have been compiled on a crop-by-crop basis, based on both field data and CROPWAT estimates. This study leads the way for the inclusion of crop-specific parameterisation which can be implemented into future water demand models, thus minimizing the risk of parameter errors and uncertainty for national water-use estimations.

Food and Water Security in West Asia

2018 ◽  
pp. 512-529
Author(s):  
Eckart Woertz
Keyword(s):  
Role Model ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Trade ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Water Scarce ◽  
Policy Solutions

West Asia is one of the most water-scarce regions of the world and one of its foremost importers of virtual water despite sustained efforts at self-sufficiency, especially in cereal production. Technology-oriented policy solutions eye a reorientation of agriculture towards fruit and vegetables that are less water-intensive than cereals and provide more value added per water unit consumed. Turkey is a role model here; the country has an agricultural trade surplus and ranks among the top ten agricultural economies globally in value terms. Yet technology-oriented policy prescriptions overlook the sociopolitical ‘problemsheds’ that emerge (along with new agro-lobbies) and agriculture as the main water consumer has to compete with other economic sectors and sprawling urbanization. This article looks at the different categories of countries and their specific challenges.

scholarly journals Evaluating Cryospheric Water Withdrawal and Virtual Water Flows in Tarim River Basin of China: An Input–Output Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 7589
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Cunde Xiao ◽  
Cuiyang Feng ◽  
Chenyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Tarim River ◽  
Tarim River Basin ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Analysis ◽  
Water Flows

In Tarim River Basin (TRB), the retreat of glacier and snow cover reduction due to climate warming threatens the regional economy of downstream basins that critically depends on meltwater. However, the quantitative evaluation of its impact on multiple sectors of the socioeconomic system is incomplete. Based on compiled regional input–output table of the year 2012, this study developed a method to analyze the relationships between economic activities and related meltwater withdrawal, as well as sectoral transfer. The results show that the direct meltwater withdrawal intensity (DMWI) of agriculture was much higher than other sectors, reaching 2348.02 m3/10,000 CNY. Except for A01 (agriculture) and A02 (mining and washing of coal), the embodied meltwater withdrawal (EMW) driven by the final demand of other sectors was greater than direct meltwater withdrawal, and all sectors required inflows of virtual water (72.45 × 108 m3, accounting for 29% of total supply from cryospheric water resources) for their production processes in 2012. For sectors with high DMWI, improving water-use efficiency is an effective way to reduce water withdrawal. To some extent, the unbalanced supply of cryospheric water resources due to geographical segregation can be regulated by virtual water flows from water-saving to water-intensive sectors. Such decisions can affect the balance between socioeconomic development and environment conservation for long-term sustainability.

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