scholarly journals Assessing the Potential of Agricultural Reservoirs as the Source of Environmental Flow

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 508
Author(s):  
Young-Jun Jo ◽  
Jung-Hun Song ◽  
Younggu Her ◽  
Giorgio Provolo ◽  
Jina Beom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Environmental Flow ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Alternative Source ◽  
Operation Rules ◽  
Supply Potential

Excessive nutrient loadings from drainage areas and resulting water quality degradation in rivers are the major environmental issues around the world. The water quality further deteriorates for the large seasonal variation of precipitation and water flow. Environmental decision makers have been exploring affordable and effective ways of securing environmental flow (EF) to improve the water quality, especially in dry seasons, and agricultural reservoirs have attracted the attention of policymakers as an alternative source of EF. This study proposed an analysis framework for assessing the EF supply potential of agricultural reservoirs as alternative sources of EF. A reservoir water balance model was prepared to mathematically represent the reservoir water balance and quantify temporal variations of the amount of water available for the EF supply. The simulation model was designed to explicitly consider inflow from the upstream drainage areas, irrigation water requirement, and hydrological processes happening in the reservoirs. The proposed framework was applied to four agricultural reservoirs located in South Korea to evaluate its efficiency. Results showed that the additional storage capacity added by the dam reinforcement enabled the study reservoirs to satisfy both needs, EF and irrigation water supply. The surplus capacity turned out to be enough to satisfy various EF supply scenarios at the annual time scale. However, the current operation plans do not consider the seasonal variations of reservoir hydrology and thus cannot supply EF without violating the original operational goal, irrigation water, especially in dry months. The results demonstrate that it is necessary to consider the temporal variations of EF when developing reservoir operation rules and plans to secure EF. This study also highlights the unconventional roles of agricultural reservoirs as resources for improved environmental quality. The methods presented in this study are expected to be a useful tool for the assessment of agricultural reservoirs’ EF supply potential.

Effect of Drainage Water Reuse on Supplementary Irrigation and Drainage Reduction

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 1619-1626
Author(s):  
Pingjin Jiao ◽  
Yingduo Yu ◽  
Di Xu
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Drainage Water ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Irrigation Water Requirement ◽  
Irrigation Rate ◽  
Supplementary Irrigation ◽  
Drainage Water Reuse

Drainage water reuse has the potential to supplement irrigation, reduce drainage, and alleviate the area source pollution caused by agricultural drainage. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of influencing factors of drainage water reuse on supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates. To evaluate the effects, a water balance model was constructed to describe the irrigation water requirement and drainage water storage of a pond. The irrigation water requirement was calculated using the Penman-Monteith equation and the crop coefficient method while considering field leakage and effective rainfall; the drainage water volume was calculated using the improved Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model. The model was applied to the rice planting area in the Zhanghe Reservoir Irrigation District. Simulation results show that the supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates are primarily affected by the ratio of irrigation to drainage areas (RID), the pond volume ratio (PV), and the initial storage ratio (PSi); interactions among the three parameters are also observed. The RID, PV, and PSi contribute approximately 4:3:1 to the average variations in the supplementary irrigation rate. The supplementary irrigation rate increases with the values of PV and PSi but decreases with the increases of RID. For the drainage reduction rate variation, the average contribution percentages of PV and RID are 70% and 10%, respectively. Increasing PV and RID or reducing PSi enhances the drainage reduction rate. Adjusting the combination of parameters PV and RID can simultaneously maximize the supplementary irrigation and drainage reduction rates. Keywords: Drainage reduction, Drainage water reuse, Pond, Supplementary irrigation, Water balance model.

Irrigation management through a coupled energy-water balance and crop growth model driven by remote sensing data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Mancini ◽  
Chiara Corbari ◽  
Imen Ben Charfi ◽  
Ahmad Al Bitar ◽  
Drazen Skokovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Landsat 7

<p>The conflicting use of water is becoming more and more evident, also in regions that are traditionally rich in water. With the world’s population projected to increase to 8.5 billion by 2030, the simultaneous growth in income will imply a substantial increase in demand for both water and food. Climate change impacts will further stress the water availability enhancing also its conflictual use. The agricultural sector is the biggest and least efficient water user, accounts for around 24% of total water use in Europe, peaking at 80% in the southern regions.</p><p>This paper shows the implementation of a system for real-time operative irrigation water management at high spatial and temporal able to monitor the crop water needs reducing the irrigation losses and increasing the water use efficiency, according to different agronomic practices supporting different level of water users from irrigation consortia to single farmers. The system couples together satellite (land surface temperature LST and vegetation information) and ground data, with pixel wise hydrological crop soil water energy balance model. In particular, the SAFY (Simple Algorithm for Yield) crop model has been coupled with the pixel wise energy water balance FEST-EWB model, which assimilate satellite LST for its soil parameters calibration. The essence of this coupled modelling is that the SAFY provides the leaf area index (LAI) evolution in time used by the FEST-EWB for evapotranspiration computation while FEST-EWB model provides soil moisture (SM) to SAFY model for computing crop grow for assigned water content.</p><p>The FEST-EWB-SAFY has been firstly calibrated in specific fields of Chiese (maize crop) and Capitanata (tomatoes) where ground measurements of evapotranspiration, soil moisture and crop yields are available, as well as LAI from Sentinel2-Landsat 7 and 8 data. The FEST-EWB-SAFY model has then been validated also on several fields of the RICA farms database in the two Italian consortia, where the economic data are available plus the crop yield. Finally, the modelled maps of LAI have then been validated over the whole Consortium area (Chiese and Capitanata) against satellite data of LAI from Landsat 7 and 8, and Sentinel-2.</p><p>Optimized irrigation volumes are assessed based on a soil moisture thresholds criterion, allowing to reduce the passages over the field capacity threshold reducing the percolation flux with a saving of irrigation volume without affecting evapotranspiration and so that the crop production. The implemented strategy has shown a significative irrigation water saving, also in this area where a traditional careful use of water is assessed.</p><p>The activity is part of the European project RET-SIF (www.retsif.polimi.it).</p>

scholarly journals Development of an Irrigation Water Quality Database to Identify Water Resources and Assess Microbiological Risks During the Production of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Bihn ◽  
Kurt J. Mangione ◽  
Bill Lyons ◽  
Annette L. Wszelaki ◽  
John J. Churey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Irrigation Water Quality ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Running Water ◽  
E Coli

An Irrigation Water Quality Database was developed to help assess the microbiological quality of irrigation water used in fruit and vegetable production in 15 counties in New York (NY) State. Water samples from Tennessee (TN) were also included in the database. Four water quality parameters, quantified generic Escherichia coli, specific conductance, pH, and turbidity, were tested. Ground, reservoir, and running water were sampled over 2 years (2009 and 2010), covering three seasons each year (spring, summer, and fall). TN data are for all three seasons in 2010 only. Overall in NY (254 total samples), ground water had a geometric mean of 1 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml, reservoir water had a geometric mean of 8 MPN/100 ml, and running water had a geometric mean of 52 MPN/100 ml. Overall in TN (63 total samples), ground water had a geometric mean of 1 colony forming unit (CFU)/100 ml, reservoir water had a geometric mean of 5 CFU/100 ml, and running water had a geometric mean of 38 CFU/100 ml. These values are all below the 126 MPN/100 ml United States Environmental Protection Agency's Ambient Water Quality Standards (AWQS) standard for fresh water. The presence of E. coli had very weak but sometimes statistically signficiant correlatation with water specific conductance, pH, and turbidity, depending on the water source but the r-squared effect was not strong enough to make the other measurements a substitute for testing specifically for E. coli in water.

scholarly journals O EFEITO DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO ENTUPIMENTO DE EMISSORES E NO DESEMPENHO DE FILTROS UTILIZADOS NA IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO

Irriga ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tulio Assunção Pires Ribeiro ◽  
José Euclides Stipp Paterniani ◽  
Rogério Pereira da Silva Airoldi ◽  
Marcelo Jacomini Moreira da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Biological Parameters ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Filter Performance ◽  
Medium Risk

O EFEITO DA QUALIDADE DA ÁGUA NO ENTUPIMENTO DE  EMISSORES E NO DESEMPENHO DE FILTROS UTILIZADOS NA IRRIGAÇÃO POR GOTEJAMENTO   Túlio Assunção Pires Ribeiro; José Euclides Stipp Paterniani; Rogério Pereira da Silva Airoldi; Marcelo Jacomini Moreira da SilvaDepartamento de Água e Solo, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, [email protected]   1 RESUMO  O presente trabalho teve como objetivo proceder a investigação experimental de uma fonte hídrica superficial, utilizada em um sistema de irrigação por gotejamento, bem como verificar sua influência na obstrução dos gotejadores e no desempenho de dois filtros um de disco e outro de mata sintética não tecida. A água de irrigação foi clorada, empregando-se hipoclorito  de sódio. Utilizou-se água provinda de um reservatório aberto, onde foi instalado um módulo de irrigação localizada para o estudo.  Analisou-se a variação temporal da qualidade da água durante um ano, onde considerou-se os principais parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos da água que causam problemas de entupimentos nos emissores. O desempenho dos filtros foi feito através da comparação das concentrações dos efluentes dos filtros de disco (usualmente utilizado para este fim) e manta sintética não tecida,  em relação aos parâmetros físicos e biológicas. O grau de obstrução dos emissores foi avaliado através de ensaios de vazão que determinaram a uniformidade de distribuição da água através de dois índices, onde variou-se o número de emissores amostrados.  A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em quatro etapas de 30 dias, realizadas em diferentes estações do ano. Os resultados apontaram na água de irrigação, que os parâmetros químicos pH e o ferro apresentaram médio risco de entupimento e sulfetos de hidrogênio mostraram alto risco de entupimento.  Não houve uma diferença no desempenho do filtro de manta e de disco com relação aos parâmetros físicos e biológicos de seus efluentes.  Os valores das médias dos índices de uniformidade de distribuição de água foram bem próximos para as duas parcelas que utilizaram os dois filtros de manta e disco.  UNITERMOS: irrigação localizada, índice de uniformidade, filtração, manta sintética não tecida, tratamento químico  RIBEIRO, T. A. P.; PATERNIANI, J. E. S.; AIROLDI, R. P. da S.; SILVA, M. J. M. da THE WATER QUALITY EFFECT IN THE CLOGGING OF EMITTERS AND THE PERFORMANCE OF FILTERS UTILIZED IN THE TRICKLE IRRIGATION  2 ABSTRACT  The present work aimed to carry out an experimental investigation of a superficial water source utilized in trickle irrigation as well as verify its influence in the clogging of drippers and in the performance of two filters: a disc one and a non woven synthetic one. The irrigation water was chlorinated with sodium hypochlorite. The water used in this experiment was from an open reservoir where an experimental trickle irrigation system was installed. The temporal variations of the water quality was assessed for one year, considering the main physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water that causes clogging in the emitters. The filter performance was assessed by comparing the effluent concentration in the disc filters (normally used for this purpose) and in non-woven synthetic fabric, for physical and biological parameters. The emitter obstruction degree was assessed through flow tests which determined the uniformity of water distribution through two rates where the number of sampled emitters varied. The research was developed in four 30-day stages, carried out in different seasons of the year. For the irrigation water, the results indicated that the chemical parameters (pH) and iron showed a medium risk of clogging whereas hydrogen sulphites showed a high risk of clogging. There was not a difference in the performance of fabric and disc filters in relation to physical and biological parameters of their effluents. The average values for  water distribution uniformity rates were pretty close for the two blocks that utilized both disc and fabric filters.  KEYWORDS: trickle irrigation, uniformity index, filtration, non-woven synthetic fabrics, chemical treatment

scholarly journals Characteristics of Arsenic Leached from Sediments: Agricultural Implications of Abandoned Mines

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 4628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soonho Hwang ◽  
Younggu Her ◽  
Sang Min Jun ◽  
Jung-Hun Song ◽  
Goontaek Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Abandoned Mines ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Sediment Types ◽  
Hydrochemical Composition ◽  
Arsenic Leaching

Heavy metals, including arsenic from abandoned mines, are easily transported with sediment and deposited in waterbodies such as reservoirs and lakes, creating critical water quality issues when they are released. Understanding the leaching of heavy metals is necessary for developing efficient water quality improvement plans. This study investigated how arsenic leaches from different soil and sediment types and responds to hydrologic conditions to identify areas susceptible to arsenic contamination. In this study, batch- and column-leaching tests and sequential extraction procedures were used to examine arsenic leaching processes in detail. The results showed that most arsenic-loaded sediments accumulated in the vicinity of a reservoir inlet, and arsenic in reservoir beds have a higher leaching potential than those from agricultural land and stream beds. Arsenic deposited at the bottom of reservoirs had higher mobility than that in the other soils and sediments, and arsenic leaching was closely associated with the acidity of water. In addition, arsenic leaching was found to be responsive to seasons (wet or dry) as its mobilization is controlled by organic compounds that vary over time. The results suggested that temporal variations in the hydrochemical composition of reservoir water should be considered when defining a management plan for reservoir water quality.

scholarly journals Assessing Irrigation Water Use with Remote Sensing-Based Soil Water Balance at an Irrigation Scheme Level in a Semi-Arid Region of Morocco

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1133
Author(s):  
Mohamed Hakim Kharrou ◽  
Vincent Simonneaux ◽  
Salah Er-Raki ◽  
Michel Le Page ◽  
Saïd Khabba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Soil Water Balance ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Semi Arid

This study aims to evaluate a remote sensing-based approach to allow estimation of the temporal and spatial distribution of crop evapotranspiration (ET) and irrigation water requirements over irrigated areas in semi-arid regions. The method is based on the daily step FAO-56 Soil Water Balance model combined with a time series of basal crop coefficients and the fractional vegetation cover derived from high-resolution satellite Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) imagery. The model was first calibrated and validated at plot scale using ET measured by eddy-covariance systems over wheat fields and olive orchards representing the main crops grown in the study area of the Haouz plain (central Morocco). The results showed that the model provided good estimates of ET for wheat and olive trees with a root mean square error (RMSE) of about 0.56 and 0.54 mm/day respectively. The model was then used to compare remotely sensed estimates of irrigation requirements (RS-IWR) and irrigation water supplied (WS) at plot scale over an irrigation district in the Haouz plain through three growing seasons. The comparison indicated a large spatio-temporal variability in irrigation water demands and supplies; the median values of WS and RS-IWR were 130 (175), 117 (175) and 118 (112) mm respectively in the 2002–2003, 2005–2006 and 2008–2009 seasons. This could be attributed to inadequate irrigation supply and/or to farmers’ socio-economic considerations and management practices. The findings demonstrate the potential for irrigation managers to use remote sensing-based models to monitor irrigation water usage for efficient and sustainable use of water resources.

scholarly journals Improvement of Downstream Flow by Modifying SWAT Reservoir Operation Considering Irrigation Water and Environmental Flow from Agricultural Reservoirs in South Korea

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 2543
Author(s):  
Jinuk Kim ◽  
Jiwan Lee ◽  
Jongyoon Park ◽  
Sehoon Kim ◽  
Seongjoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Reservoir Operation ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Environmental Flow ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Reservoir Water Level ◽  
Downstream Flow

This study aims to develop a reservoir operation rule adding downstream environmental flow release (EFR) to the exclusive use of irrigation water supply (IWS) from agricultural reservoirs through canals to rice paddy areas. A reservoir operation option was added in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to handle both EFR and IWS. For a 366.5 km2 watershed including three agricultural reservoirs and a rice paddy irrigation area of 4744.7 ha, the SWAT was calibrated and validated using 21 years (1998–2018) of daily reservoir water levels and downstream flow data at Gongdo (GD) station. For reservoir water level and streamflow, the average root means square error (RMSE) ranged from 19.70 mm to 19.54 mm, and the coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) had no effect on the improved SWAT. By applying the new reservoir option, the EFR amount for a day was controlled by keeping the reservoir water level up in order to ensure that the IWS was definitely satisfied in any case. The downstream mean wet streamflow (Q95) decreased to 5.70 m3/sec from 5.71 m3/sec and the mean minimum flow (Q355) increased to 1.05 m3/sec from 0.94 m3/sec. Through the development of a SWAT reservoir operation module that satisfies multiple water supply needs such as IWR and EFR, it is possible to manage agricultural water in the irrigation period and control the environmental flow in non-irrigation periods. This study provides useful information to evaluate and understand the future impacts of various changes in climate and environmental flows at other sites.

scholarly journals Development and Utility Evaluation of a Multi-Composite Water Balance Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-250
Author(s):  
Yonghyeon Gwon ◽  
Kyunghwan Son ◽  
Kyoungdo Lee ◽  
Gyewoon Choi
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Daily Water

This study aimed to develop a water balance model capable of daily analysis of the water supply situation in a multi-composite area, evaluate the utility of the model, and conduct a water balance analysis. The multi-composite water balance model, which was developed to determine the daily water balance in an area, includes five modules: "Weather data build and area mean data," "Rainfall-runoff analysis," "Benefit area and demand estimation," "Reservoir water balance analysis," and "River basin water balance analysis." The study selected eight cities in northwestern Chungcheongnam-do in Korea as target areas and evaluated the utility of the water balance model. Further, the study used observation and model simulation data for its analysis, which found a high degree of accuracy as well as correlation. In addition, daily water balance analysis was conducted to estimate the potential supply, demand, supply, shortage, surplus supply, and shortage days in the river basin, while the ratio of shortage to demand was also determined to identify areas vulnerable to drought. In the future, it will be possible to establish drought countermeasures and facility operation plans by identifying areas with water supply vulnerability using the developed model.

scholarly journals Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water Quality and Trophic Status in Sembrong Reservoir, Johor

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 02015
Author(s):  
Syarifah Intan Najla Syed Hashim ◽  
Siti Hidayah Abu Talib ◽  
Muhammad Salleh Abustan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Conventional Treatment ◽  
Trophic Status ◽  
Secchi Depth ◽  
Lower Boundary ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variations ◽  
Reservoir Water

A study of spatial and temporal variations on water quality and trophic status was conducted to determine the temporal (average reading by month) and spatial variations of water quality in Sembrong reservoir and to evaluate the trophic status of the reservoir. Water samples were collected once a month from November 2016 to June 2017 in seventeen (17) sampling stations at Sembrong Reservoir. Results obtained on the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO), water temperature, pH and secchi depth had no significant differences compared to Total Phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a. The water level has significantly decreased the value of the water temperature, pH and TP. The water quality of Sembrong reservoir is classified in Class II which is suitable for recreational uses and required conventional treatment while TSI indicates that sembrong reservoir was in lower boundary of classical eutrophic (TSI > 50).

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