scholarly journals Increase in Daily Household Water Demand during the First Wave of the Covid-19 Pandemic in Germany

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 260
Author(s):  
Deike U. Lüdtke ◽  
Robert Luetkemeier ◽  
Michael Schneemann ◽  
Stefan Liehr
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

Precautionary measures and governmental regulations during the COVID-19 pandemic’s first wave have drastically altered daily activities and hence water consumption patterns. Many people had to change their working routines, the organization of childcare and hygiene practices. While first evidence appears on the impacts of COVID-19 on, e.g., carbon emissions, energy demand and water treatment, even indicating an unexpected increase in water consumption during that period, no study has investigated the pandemic’s sole and in-depth implications for water supply so far. This paper investigates hourly and daily water consumption volumes of a utility in northern Germany for the first wave of the pandemic. We performed a linear mixed model to compare the 2020 daily water consumption volumes with previous years. We eliminated the effects of climate using Bayesian statistic in order to carve out and estimate the original COVID-19 effect. We also compared hourly water consumption of similar time periods and calculated the percentage difference between 2020 and the two previous years. Our results reveal about 14.3% (3 968 m3) higher residential water consumption per day with higher morning and evening demand peaks during the day. We hypothesis that the reasons for the increasing water demand may be found in changed behavioral routines with an important question for water utilities, if and which of these new dynamics may persist after COVID-19 and hence pose a challenge for long-term infrastructure planning.

scholarly journals Determinants of household water demand: a cross-sectional study in South West Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. O. Oyerinde ◽  
H. E. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Residential Water Demand ◽  
Site Access ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Residential Water ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

Abstract Estimating residential water demand in developing countries is complicated by the unique nature of water supply, characterised by unequal access and multiple water sources. Using cross-sectional data obtained from a survey of 1,300 households, the determinants of residential water demand were predicted using a multiple linear regression model. The determinants include access to water, household size, trip number, monthly income, payment for water, educational qualification, trip time and house type. The determinants predicted daily water consumption with an F(9, 1,014) = 81.063, P < 0.05, R2 = 0.450. Daily water consumption was found to be 2.8 times more per household and 4.4 times more per capita for those with on-site access, compared to those with off-site access. Moreover, consumption was influenced by the various water source categories.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) DALAM RANSUM TERHADAP PERFORMANS TERNAK BABI FASE STARTER

ZOOTEC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 86
Author(s):  
Alfred Tamawiwy ◽  
M. Najoan ◽  
J S Mandey ◽  
F. N Sompie
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

ABSTRACT   EFFECT OF UTILIZATION OF VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) IN THE DIET ON PIG PERFORMANCE. Utilization of fats and oils in pig diets is of great importance due to their high energy value. VCO is obtained by cold press processing of the kernel from the coconut fruit. Utilization of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in the diets on pig performance.  The present study was designed to elaborate the effect of utilization of VCO in the diets on energy and protein digestibility of growing pigs. The experiment was conducted using 20 castrated male pigs aged 1.5 - 2.0 months weighing 12,0±2,0 kg. The data were analyzed according to the linear model procedure for ANOVA appropriate for Randomized Block Design with 5 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments were formulated as follow: R0 = 100% control diet + 0% VCO; R1 = 99.5% control diet + 1.0% VCO; R2 = 98.0% control diet + 2.0% VCO; R3 = 97.0% control diet + 3.0% VCO; and R4 = 96.0% control diet + 4.0% VCO. Parameters measured were: daily feed intake, daily gain, daily water consumption. The results showed that the utilization of VCO up to 4% in the diets had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on daily feed intake, daily gain, daily water consumption of pigs. It can be concluded that the addition of VCO up to 4.0% in the diets has no significant meaning on pig performance.   Key words: Virgin coconut oil (VCO), Performance, Growing pigs  

scholarly journals Daily Water Consumption and its Contribution to Calcium Intake in Korean Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eun-Sun Park ◽  
Yeon-Kyung Lee ◽  
Mi-Hyun Kim ◽  
Mi-Kyeong Choi
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Korean Adults ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

scholarly journals Influence of Land Use Patterns on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Temperate Grassland Ecosystem

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuzhe Li ◽  
Jiangwen Fan ◽  
Zhongmin Hu ◽  
Quanqin Shao ◽  
Liangxia Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Explained Variation ◽  
Infrared Gas Analyzer ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

To better understand variation in response of components of ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) to grassland use differences, we selected three typical land use patterns in a temperate steppe area: grazed steppe (G), steppe with grazers excluded (GE), and steppe cultivated to cropland (C). ET was divided into its components evaporation (E) and canopy transpiration (T) using herbicide and a chamber attached to a portable infrared gas analyzer (Li-6400). The results indicated that daily water consumption by ET in G was 3.30 kg m−2d−1; compared with G, ET increased significantly in GE at 13.4% and showed a trend of 6.73% increase in C. Daily water consumption by E increased 24.3% in GE relative to G, and C showed 20.2% more than GE. At 0.46, E/ET in C was significantly higher than G at 0.35. Air temperature and the vapor pressure deficit were closely correlated with variation in diurnal ET, E, and T. The leaf area index (LAI) was also positively correlated with daily ET and E varied among grassland use patterns and explained variation in E/ET (81%). Thus, variation in LAI strongly influences the overall magnitude of ecosystem ET and the composition of its components under different grassland use patterns.

scholarly journals Fluctuations of Daily Water Consumption in Sheep.

1967 ◽  
Vol 1967 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
Yasushi ASAHIDA ◽  
K^|^ocirc; MIMURA
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

scholarly journals Guidelines for irrigation scheduling of banana crop in São Francisco Valley, Brazil. II - Water consumption, crop coefficient, and physiologycal behavior

2004 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Henrique Bassoi ◽  
Antonio Heriberto de Castro Teixeira ◽  
José Moacir Pinheiro Lima Filho ◽  
José Antonio Moura e Silva ◽  
Emanuel Elder Gomes da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Irrigation Water Management ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

The water consumption and the crop coefficient of the banana cv. Pacovan were estimated in Petrolina County, northeastern Brazil, in order to establish guidelines to irrigation water management. Evaluations were carried out since planting in January 1999 to the 3rd harvest in September 2001 on a microsprinkler irrigated orchard, with plants spaced in a 3 x 3 m grid. Average daily water consumption was 3.9, 4.0, and 3.3 mm in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd growing seasons, respectively. Crop coefficient values increased from 0.7 (vegetative growth) to 1.1 (flowering). Even with high soil water availability, transpiration was reduced due to high evaporative demand.

Effect of feed deprivation on daily water consumption in healthy horses

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
David E. Freeman ◽  
Alexandra Mooney ◽  
Steeve Giguère ◽  
Jami Claire ◽  
Chloe Evetts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Feed Deprivation ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

scholarly journals Causes and Effects of Water Consumption Drop by the Population of Cities in Poland - Selected Aspects

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (27) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Gorączko ◽  
Rafał Pasela
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
City Population ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

Abstract The article presents, with an example of four cities of various size, a phenomenon of a drop in water consumption by the city population in Poland. The paper draws on 1995-2012 official statistics. A significant decrease in household water consumption was observed, which refers to both the total water volume used by households as well as the average daily water consumption per resident. The article also determines the most essential factors affecting the amount of water consumed, out of which the price of water appears to be of the most significant one.

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