scholarly journals Estimating the Effect of Deforestation on Runoff in Small Mountainous Basins in Slovakia

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3113
Author(s):  
Michaela Danáčová ◽  
Gabriel Földes ◽  
Marija Mihaela Labat ◽  
Silvia Kohnová ◽  
Kamila Hlavčová
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Design Floods ◽  
Map Data ◽  
The Impact

The paper aims to assess the impact of deforestation due to windstorms on runoff in small mountain river basins. In the Boca and Ipoltica River basins, changes in forested areas were assessed from available historical and current digital map data. Significant forest losses occurred between 2004 and 2012. During the whole period of 1990–2018, forested areas in the Boca river decreased from 83% to 47% and in the Ipoltica River basin from 80% to 70%. Changes in runoff conditions were assessed based on an assessment of changes in the measured time series of the hydrometeorological data for the years 1981–2016. An empirical hydrological model was used to determine the design peak discharges before and after significant windstorms were estimated for different rain intensities and return periods. The regional climate scenario for the period 2070–2100 was used to assess the current impact of climate change and river basin deforestation on predicted changes in design floods in the coming decades. The effect of deforestation became evident in the extreme discharges, especially in future decades. In the Boca River basin, the estimated design floods increased by 59%, and in the Ipoltica River basin by 172% in the case of the 100-year return period.

scholarly journals Impact of Irrigation over the California Central Valley on Regional Climate

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1341-1357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhao Yang ◽  
Francina Dominguez ◽  
Xubin Zeng ◽  
Huancui Hu ◽  
Hoshin Gupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Sierra Nevada ◽  
Colorado River ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Central Valley ◽  
Colorado River Basin ◽  
Windward Side ◽  
Irrigation Scheme ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Irrigation, while being an important anthropogenic factor affecting the local to regional water cycle, is not typically represented in regional climate models. An irrigation scheme is incorporated into the Noah land surface scheme of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model that has a calibrated convective parameterization and a tracer package is used to tag and track water vapor. To assess the impact of irrigation over the California Central Valley (CCV) on the regional climate of the U.S. Southwest, simulations are run (for three dry and three wet years) both with and without the irrigation scheme. Incorporation of the irrigation scheme resulted in simulated surface air temperature and humidity that were closer to observations, decreased depth of the planetary boundary layer over the CCV, and increased convective available potential energy. The result was an overall increase in precipitation over the Sierra Nevada range and the Colorado River basin during the summer. Water vapor rising from the irrigated region mainly moved northeastward and contributed to precipitation in Nevada and Idaho. Specifically, the results indicate increased precipitation on the windward side of the Sierra Nevada and over the Colorado River basin. The former is possibly linked to a sea-breeze-type circulation near the CCV, while the latter is likely associated with a wave pattern related to latent heat release over the moisture transport belt.

Predicted Changes in Short-Term Rainfall Intensities and Runoff at the Ipoltica River Basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-183
Author(s):  
Gabriel Földes ◽  
Silvia Kohnová ◽  
Marija Mihaela Labat ◽  
Kamila Hlavčová
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
Design Values ◽  
Service Curve ◽  
The Impact

The paper focuses on the impact of climate change on runoff in the Ipoltica River basin in northern Slovakia. The analysis is divided into two parts: the first part contains an analysis of predicted changes in short-term rainfall intensities at the Liptovská Teplička climatological station; the second part is focused on the impact of runoff on a small mountainous river basin. The predicted short-term rainfall intensities were analyzed using the Community Land Model, which is a Regional Climate Model. The analysis was performed in durations of 60 to 1440 minutes for a warm period. The focus was aimed at comparing changes in rainfall characteristics, especially changes in seasonality, the scaling exponents, and design values. The second part focuses on the impact of changes in short-term rainfall on changes in runoff. The estimation of predicted runoff changes was provided for the period 2070 - 2100. These results were compared with the results from actual observations. The design floods were calculated using the Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number method. The results show that the runoff will be affected by climate change. Hence, it is important to reevaluate the land use management and practices at the Ipoltica River basin.

scholarly journals Regional climate projections in two alpine river basins: Upper Danube and Upper Brahmaputra

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dobler ◽  
M. Yaoming ◽  
N. Sharma ◽  
S. Kienberger ◽  
B. Ahrens
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Danube River ◽  
Simultaneous Increase ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Global Circulation Models

Abstract. Projections from coarse-grid global circulation models are not suitable for regional estimates of water balance or trends of extreme precipitation and temperature, especially not in complex terrain. Thus, downscaling of global to regionally resolved projections is necessary to provide input to integrated water resources management approaches for river basins like the Upper Danube River Basin (UDRB) and the Upper Brahmaputra River Basin (UBRB). This paper discusses the application of the regional climate model COSMO-CLM as a dynamical downscaling tool. To provide accurate data the COSMO-CLM model output was post-processed by statistical means. This downscaling chain performs well in the baseline period 1971 to 2000. However, COSMO-CLM performs better in the UDRB than in the UBRB because of a longer application experience and a less complex climate in Europe. Different climate change scenarios were downscaled for the time period 1960–2100. The projections show an increase of temperature in both basins and for all seasons. The values are generally higher in the UBRB with the highest values occurring in the region of the Tibetan Plateau. Annual precipitation shows no substantial change. However, seasonal amounts show clear trends, for instance an increasing amount of spring precipitation in the UDRB. Again, the largest trends for different precipitation statistics are projected in the region of the Tibetan Plateau. Here, the projections show up to 50% longer dry periods in the months June to September with a simultaneous increase of about 10% for the maximum amount of precipitation on five consecutive days. For the Assam region in India, the projections also show an increase of 25% in the number of consecutive dry days during the monsoon season leading to prolonged monsoon breaks.

scholarly journals Projected Hydroclimatic Changes in Two Major River Basins at the Canadian West Coast Based on High-Resolution Regional Climate Simulations

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (20) ◽  
pp. 8081-8105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre R. Erler ◽  
W. Richard Peltier
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Climate Projections ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Spring Freshet ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of anthropogenic climate change on water resources and flood and drought risk is of great interest for impact modeling and to inform adaptation strategies. Here an analysis of hydroclimatic changes in the Fraser and Athabasca River basins in western Canada is presented, based on an ensemble of climate projections, which have been dynamically downscaled to 10-km resolution using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model in two configurations. The GCM ensemble comprises four independent integrations of the Community Earth System Model under the representative concentration pathway 8.5. Basin-integrated changes in the seasonal cycle of hydroclimatic variables, and the variability of water supply and flood and drought risk, are considered. It is found that fall and winter precipitation generally increase by 20%–30% toward the end of the century, while changes in summer precipitation are smaller and associated with high model uncertainty. Furthermore, a reduction in snowfall and an increase in evapotranspiration are projected. However, projected impacts on water resources east and west of the Rocky Mountains are quite different: in basins closer to the coast (west of the Rocky Mountains) higher temperatures lead to a transition from predominantly solid to liquid precipitation and a significantly weaker spring freshet, followed by drier summers. In the lee of the Rocky Mountains the spring freshet remains largely unaffected and in summer the increase in evapotranspiration (ET) is compensated by increasing precipitation, so that water balance changes appear to be small. It is further found that a shift in runoff seasonality near the coast may lead to significantly increased flood risk in fall.

scholarly journals Water-balance and groundwater-flow estimation for an arid environment: San Diego region, California

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 2717-2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Flint ◽  
A. L. Flint ◽  
B. J. Stolp ◽  
W. R. Danskin
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
San Diego ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Groundwater Availability ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The coastal-plain aquifer that underlies the San Diego City metropolitan area in southern California is a groundwater resource. The understanding of the region-wide water balance and the recharge of water from the high elevation mountains to the east needs to be improved to quantify the subsurface inflows to the coastal plain in order to develop the groundwater as a long term resource. This study is intended to enhance the conceptual understanding of the water balance and related recharge processes in this arid environment by developing a regional model of the San Diego region and all watersheds adjacent or draining to the coastal plain, including the Tijuana River basin. This model was used to quantify the various components of the water balance, including semi-quantitative estimates of subsurface groundwater flow to the coastal plain. Other approaches relying on independent data were used to test or constrain the scoping estimates of recharge and runoff, including a reconnaissance-level groundwater model of the San Diego River basin, one of three main rivers draining to the coastal plain. Estimates of subsurface flow delivered to the coastal plain from the river basins ranged from 12.3 to 28.8 million m3 yr−1 from the San Diego River basin for the calibration period (1982–2009) to 48.8 million m3 yr−1 from all major river basins for the entire coastal plain for the long-term period 1940–2009. This range of scoping estimates represents the impact of climatic variability and realistically bounds the likely groundwater availability, while falling well within the variable estimates of regional recharge. However, the scarcity of physical and hydrologic data in this region hinders the exercise to narrow the range and reduce the uncertainty.

scholarly journals Extreme Variabilities of Rainfall and Runoff Regime within Vulnerable Hydrographic River Basins. Case Study: Elan River Basin, 2016 (Romania)

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Andreea-Violeta Tudorache
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Runoff Regime ◽  
Torrential Rainfall ◽  
Maximum Flows ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The present paper analyzes the extreme variabilities of rainfall and runoff regime within vulnerable hydrographic river basins, focused on a case study: Elan river basin, year 2016. This year, due to excess rainfall, the Elan River basin was affected by torrential rainfall, warned against by orange and red code hydrological forecasts. For this reason, this study makes an analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the surface runoff also considering the main flood events occurring in this river basin. The impact of liquid precipitation on the surface runoff will be highlighted by a statistical analysis of the relationship between monthly average flows and the sum of monthly precipitation in the river basin. The monthly flows series from the Murgeni and Poșta Elan hydrometric stations were capitalized through appropriate statistical analyses. Maximum flows were reported to the thresholds values corresponding to the Defense Levels.

scholarly journals Impact of urbanized landscapes on the river flow in Europe

2019 ◽  
pp. 78-87
Author(s):  
N. I. Koronkevich ◽  
K. S. Melnik
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
River Runoff ◽  
River Flow ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Moscow River

Global urban landscapes were growing rapidly during last decades. The impact of this growth on annual river runoff of foreign European and Russian river basins was shown in this article. Calculations for Moscow river basin were taken as a basis for computations. The performed calculations show, that 1% of urbanization area increase also enhances total river runoff at 1%. At the same time 1% growth of watertight territories (included in urbanized landscapes) leads to an increase in runoff by 2–3%. The growth of urbanized areas led to a smaller increase in runoff (2–3 times) in the past (in comparison with current period) due to a less established system of diversion from urbanized landscapes. Calculations were made for Spree, Thames, Seine river basins in comparison Moscow River basin. Impact of capitals landscapes (Berlin, London, Paris, and Moscow) on river runoff was estimated initially, and then the influence of other urbanized areas located in river basins. As a result, the general influence of all urbanized territories was defined. According to results of conducted calculations, modern urbanized areas led to an increase of annual river runoff by more than 9% in Spree river basin, more than 20% of the Thames, over 11% of the Seine and 10% in the basin of Moscow River in comparison with changes during the period of norm calculation (from the end of 19th century till the beginning of the 1960s of the 20th century). According to the results of conducted calculations, modern total annual runoff increase is 2.2–4.5% for Europe and 0.2–0.3% for the Russian Federation in comparison with changes during the period of norm calculation, and in relation to the runoff from the most populated their parts is 3.5-6.9% and 1-2%, respectively. In addition, it can be expressed in km3 with following values: 44.9–89.8 (for foreign Europe) and 7.2–14.3 (for the Russian Federation). For the whole Europe (including European territory of Russia), the runoff increases by 50–100 km3 (or by 2–4%) per year. Actually, this is not so much in percentage terms, though in terms of volume – these values are close to annual runoff of such river as Neva.

scholarly journals Elevation-dependent compensation effects in snowmelt in the Rhine River Basin upstream gauge Basel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Rottler ◽  
Klaus Vormoor ◽  
Till Francke ◽  
Michael Warscher ◽  
Ulrich Strasser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
River Runoff ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Rhine River ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In snow-dominated river basins, floods often occur during early summer, when snowmelt-induced runoff superimposes with rainfall-induced runoff. An earlier onset of seasonal snowmelt as a consequence of a warming climate is often expected to shift snowmelt contribution to river runoff and potential flooding to an earlier date. Against this background, we assess the impact of rising temperatures on seasonal snowpacks and quantify changes in timing, magnitude and elevation of snowmelt. We analyse in situ snow measurements, conduct snow simulations and examine changes in river runoff at key gauging stations. With regard to snowmelt, we detect a threefold effect of rising temperatures: snowmelt becomes weaker, occurs earlier and forms at higher elevations. Due to the wide range of elevations in the catchment, snowmelt does not occur simultaneously at all elevations. Results indicate that elevation bands melt together in blocks. We hypothesise that in a warmer world with similar sequences of weather conditions, snowmelt is moved upward to higher elevation. The movement upward the elevation range makes snowmelt in individual elevation bands occur earlier, although the timing of the snowmelt-induced runoff stays the same. Meltwater from higher elevations, at least partly, replaces meltwater from elevations below.

Nonstationary frequency analysis for annual runoff and sediment load of the Wujiang River

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongrong Li
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Statistical Characteristics ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Wujiang River ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

<p>The hydrological series can no longer meet the stationarity hypothesis due to the influence of climate variability and human activities. The process of runoff and sediment load changed significantly under a changing environment. Analyzing the variations of runoff and sediment load and exploring the main influencing causes leading to their changes will be of great help to understand the dynamic process of water and sediment in river basin. Many studies have considered the effects of rainfall and reservoir on the downstream runoff or sediment: the impact of rainfall on runoff or sediment load is normally performed by comparing the statistical characteristics before and after an extreme weather event (e.g. heavy rain of the Yangtze river in 1998); the effect of reservoirs is usually determined by comparing the pre-dam and post-dam frequencies of runoff or sediment load. In this study, the major influencing factors of annual runoff and sediment load in Wujiang River basin were identified firstly based on the results of trend analysis and change-point diagnosis for runoff and sediment load. Then, Generalized Addictive Models in Location, Scale, and Shape (GAMLSS) is used to describe the rainfall and reservoir impacts on nonstationarity of runoff and sediment load, in which, distribution parameters (including the location, scale and shape parameter) are expressed as a function of the explanatory variables. The results show that: (1) runoff and sediment load of Wujiang River decrease with the intensification of climate change and human activities; (2) runoff is mainly affected by rainfall, the operation of cascade reservoirs has critical effect on the sediment load; (3) the correlation between runoff and sediment closely related to the nonstationarity of sediment load, namely, the sediment load change can directly lead to the alteration of dependence between runoff and sediment.</p>

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