scholarly journals Hydrogeology of a Complex Aquifer System in Semi-Arid Mountainous Region: The Eastern Upper Guir Basin in the High Atlas (Morocco)

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2849
Author(s):  
Fatima Abdelfadel ◽  
Mohamed Hilali ◽  
Claude Fontaine ◽  
Abderrazak El Albani ◽  
Abderahman Mahboub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
High Atlas ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Aquifer Systems ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
Eastern Morocco ◽  
Semi Arid

The eastern part of Morocco, surrounded by the High Atlas chain close to Errachidia, represents a very sensitive area in a semi-arid context. Average annual rainfall does not exceed 300 mm/year. Most of the regional water resources are linked to the aquifer systems in the Atlas area. The study site coincides with the Eastern Upper Guir Basin, one of the main rivers in Eastern Morocco. This basin is located close to the eastern border of the Moroccan High Atlas. The geology of the basin consists mainly of Jurassic and Cretaceous formations. The structure of the basin is strongly affected by the Atlasian tectonics. This results in successive large synclines separated by major W-E faults. The hydrogeological system of the basin is accordingly constituted by sub-basins associated with each syncline and separated by faulted anticlines, whose overlapping faults act as semi-impermeable barriers. This compartmentalization causes the very complex functioning of the whole system. The study undertaken, based on structural, meteorological, hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic data, allowed us to advance significantly in the understanding of this system. The compartments behave as hydrogeological sub-units but remain interdependent on each other. The recharge of the aquifer system is essentially associated with the rains and snowfalls at high altitudes. This is consistent with the stable isotope results. Important development projects are planned in this region, associated with a drastic increase in water demands. Groundwater suitability was assessed using the WHO standards for drinking purposes and the SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) for irrigation. Complementary investigations should be considered to further the results presented here and move towards a quantitative assessment and management of the water resources.

Assessment of GPM and TRMM Satellite Precipitation Products, and their application for Flood Simulations at Daily Scale in a sparsely gauged watershed;Case of Ghdat basin (High Atlas, Morocco).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myriam Benkirane ◽  
Nour-Eddine Laftouhi ◽  
Said Khabba ◽  
Bouabid El Mansouri
Keyword(s):  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variation ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
High Atlas ◽  
Satellite Precipitation ◽  
Daily Scale ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Precipitation Events

<p>Accurate measurement of precipitation is very important for flood forecasting, hydrological modeling, and estimation of the water balance of any basin. The lack of a weather monitoring network is an obstacle to the accurate measurement of precipitation.</p><p>In most of the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains regions, ground observation stations are still unreliable and difficult to access due to several parameters, such as a large spatial and temporal variation of rainfall and ruggedness of topography, which lead to irregularity and scarcity of measuring stations. This area is characterized by arid and semi-arid climates where generally occurred a few rainy days but have experienced significant flash floods.</p><p>Consequently, floods are causing extended damages to the population and infrastructures every year. However, research on hydrological processes is limited due to the irregularity of the gauge station network and the large number of gaps frequently observed in the rainfall and runoff data acquired from the gauge stations. Remote sensing precipitation data with high spatial and temporal resolution are a potential alternative to gauged precipitation data.</p><p>This study evaluates the performance of the two satellite products: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM 3B43V7) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) and the Integrated Multi-satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG V06) (SPPs) to observed rainfall, at different time scales (daily, monthly, and annual) from 1 September 2000 to 31 August 2017 over the Ghdat watershed, with different statistical indices and hydrological assessment, to evaluate the reliability of these (SPPs) data to reproduce rainfall events by implementing them in a hydrological model, to determine their ability to detect all types of rainfall events.</p><p>Daily, monthly, and annual rainfall measurements were validated using widely used statistical measures (CC, RMSE, MAE, Bias, Nash, POD, FAR, FBI and ETS).</p><p>The results showed that: (1) The correlation between satellite precipitation data and rainfall precipitation demonstrated a high correlation on all daily, monthly, and annual scales. (2) The product (TRMM 3B42V7) exhibits better quality in terms of correlation on the monthly and annual scale, while the (GPM IMERG V06) product shows a high correlation on the daily scale compared to the measurements of the gauges. (3) The (GPM IMERG V06) product has better performance regarding the precipitation detection capability, compared to the (TRMM 3B42V7) product which could detect only tiny precipitation events, but not able to capture moderate or strong precipitation events. (4) Flood events can be simulated with the hydrological model using both observed precipitation data and satellite data with the Nash – Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient (NSE) ranging from 0.65 to 0.90.</p><p>According to the results of this study, we concluded that (TRMM 3B42V7) and (GPM IMERG V06) satellite precipitation products can be used for flood modeling and water resource management, particularly in the semi-arid and Mediterranean region.</p>

Assessment of groundwater flow system for management of Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Kinoti ◽  
Marc Leblanc ◽  
Albert Olioso ◽  
Maciek Lubczynski
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Arid Areas ◽  
Time Step ◽  
Transboundary Aquifer ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Semi Arid

<p>Groundwater is the main water resource in arid and semi-arid areas. Its evaluation in terms of recharge, discharge, flow system and change in storage is thus vital for management purposes. However, distributed numerical models which are considered as favourable tools for assessment of groundwater resources are often limited by availability of input data especially in arid and semi-arid areas in developing countries where monitoring networks are scarce. Moreover, in case of transboundary aquifers, political, institutional, cultural, socio-economic differences among countries make management of groundwater even more complex.</p><p>Remote sensing is a handy tool for monitoring water resources in data scarce areas. This study entails application of remote sensing data in developing a distributed integrated hydrological model for Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer System using MODFLOW-NWT coupled with the Unsaturated Zone Flow (UZF1) Package.</p><p>Stampriet Transboundary Aquifer is a multi-layered aquifer system shared between Namibia, Botswana and South Africa. The aquifer system consists of three aquifers, characterized by low transmissivity and low storage, intercalated by two aquitards. Conceptually, the physical processes taking place in this system are reasonably understood in Namibia and not as much in Botswana and South Africa. However, quantification of water resources and fluxes is still limited.</p><p>The aquifer system is mainly exploited in Namibia for socio-economic growth, where abstraction from storage has led to decline in local groundwater level. Water quality constraints have restrained its usage in South Africa, while in Botswana the potential for available resources is likely to be exploited, but there is not enough data for making firm decisions.</p><p>A numerical model has been set – up in transient conditions at daily time step and calibrated with groundwater levels as the state variables and satellite rainfall and potential evapotranspiration as the model driving forces. The calibrated model provides spatio-temporal water flux dynamics as well as water balances and hence an understanding of the groundwater-resource dynamics and replenishment. The results are compared to analysis of GRACE data to further constrain the model. This information is useful for proper management of the transboundary water resource as well as for policy making.</p>

scholarly journals PERMODELAN NERACA AIR DI EMBUNG OELTUA UNTUK MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN AIR DOMESTIK DI DESA OELTUA

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Dwi Ariyani ◽  
N.P Kayun
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Demands

<span><em>Kupang city in East Nusa Tenggara province have dry climate and low annual rainfall. This causes </em><span><em>required a small dam to keep water during the rainy season so it is not wasted and can be worn when the </em><span><em>dry season arrives. One of small dam in Kupang is Oeltua Small Dam. This small dam was built in March </em><span><em>1997 to supply the water demands of Oeltua Villagers. Efforts to conserve water resources is intended to </em><span><em>get enough water to supply the needs of households and farms. The review on water balance at Oeltua</em><br /><span><em>Small Dam to ensure that the demand and water resources is balance. The water supply is calculated </em><span><em>according Mock method in the period from 2007 to 2017. The maximum debit is available at 0,841 </em><span><em>m</em><span><em>3</em><span><em>/second in 2012 and the minimum debit is 0,565 m </em><span><em>3</em><span><em>/second in 2016. Result of analysis indicates that</em><br /><span><em>the dry years occurred in 2015, 2016 and 2017 with an average monthly debit 0.053 m </em><span><em>3</em><span><em>/second. In 2015 a </em><span><em>dry month occured in October with an inflow of 77,547.47 m</em><span><em>3 </em><span><em>and an outflow of 5,994.23 m</em><span><em>3</em><span><em>. In 2016 dry </em><span><em>months occurred in August with an inflow of 79,908.38 m</em><span><em>3 </em><span><em>and an outflow of 6,910.15 m</em><span><em>3</em><span><em>. In 2017 the dry </em><span><em>month occured in August with an inflow of 80,609.11 m </em><span><em>3 </em><span><em>and an outflow of 9,473.17 m</em><span><em>3</em><span><em>. It means that in </em><span><em>dey months the Oeltua Small Dam are still able to supply the water demands of Oeltua Villagers.</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>

scholarly journals Adverse impacts of climate change in Maharlou Lake Basin, Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Babak Zolghadr-Asli ◽  
Siavash Behrooz-Koohenjani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Lake Basin ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Average Annual Temperature ◽  
The Status ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

Climate change can alter the status quo of the world as we know today. Water resources may also be influenced by these plausible impacts. The common perception is that these changes may exacerbate the situation of water resources in arid and semi-arid regions, such as the Middle-East, which are experiencing mild to severe water stress due to limited water availability and growing water demands. In that spirit, this study aims to investigate the possible impacts of climate change on surface water in Maharlou Lake basin, Iran. Reportedly, this basin has already shown some symptoms of the water-related crisis, which highlights the importance of conducting climate change studies in this region. The CansESM2 model was employed to predict the basin’s climatic response under various climate change scenarios. The hydrologic response of the basin was, then, simulated using IHACRES. The results have demonstrated a 4% decrease in average annual rainfall, a 2% increase in average annual temperature, and, finally, a 24% decrease in average annual streamflow of the basin in the (2010-2099) time window. While the results suggest that recent water-related challenges in the basin might have caused by climate change, further in-depth studies are required to reveal the exact reasons.

The Distribution of Volatile Organics in a Leachate Plume, Gloucester, Ontario

1987 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.F. Devlin ◽  
W.A. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Source Area ◽  
Unconfined Aquifer ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Organic Contamination ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Aquifer Systems ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Volatile Organic Contaminants ◽  
Aquifer Sediments

Abstract The Gloucester Landfill is located near Ottawa, Ontario, on a northeast trending ridge of Quaternary age. The ridge comprises outwash sediments which make up two aquifer systems. A confined system exists next to bedrock, and is overlain by a silty-clayey stratum (the confining layer) which is, in turn, overlain by an unconfined aquifer system. Two independent volatile organic plumes have previously been identified at the landfill: the southeast plume, which has penetrated the confined aquifer system, and the northeast plume which is migrating in the unconfined aquifer. The distribution of volatile organic contaminants at the northeast plume site appears to be a function of two factors: (1) heterogeneities in the aquifer sediments are causing the channeling of contaminants through a narrow path; (2) the low fraction of organic carbon in the unconfined aquifer sediments at the northeast site is resulting in little retardation of the contaminants there, relative to those at the southeast site. Acetate was the only volatile fatty acid detected in the leachate. It was measurable only in areas where the volatile organic contamination was significant. Although methane was detected in the contaminated sediments, suggesting that microbial activity was present, the high concentration of acetate (&gt;1000 ppm) which was detected down-gradient from the source area indicates that any biodegradation which is occurring is proceeding at a very slow rate.

scholarly journals Software for calculation of reservoir active capacity with the sequent-peak algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-510
Author(s):  
Rogério T. da Silva ◽  
Rodrigo M. Sánchez-Román ◽  
Marconi B. Teixeira ◽  
Celso L. Franzotti ◽  
Marcos V. Folegatti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Additional Tool ◽  
Active Storage ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
Irrigation Districts

It is presented a software developed with Delphi programming language to compute the reservoir's annual regulated active storage, based on the sequent-peak algorithm. Mathematical models used for that purpose generally require extended hydrological series. Usually, the analysis of those series is performed with spreadsheets or graphical representations. Based on that, it was developed a software for calculation of reservoir active capacity. An example calculation is shown by 30-years (from 1977 to 2009) monthly mean flow historical data, from Corrente River, located at São Francisco River Basin, Brazil. As an additional tool, an interface was developed to manage water resources, helping to manipulate data and to point out information that it would be of interest to the user. Moreover, with that interface irrigation districts where water consumption is higher can be analyzed as a function of specific seasonal water demands situations. From a practical application, it is possible to conclude that the program provides the calculation originally proposed. It was designed to keep information organized and retrievable at any time, and to show simulation on seasonal water demands throughout the year, contributing with the elements of study concerning reservoir projects. This program, with its functionality, is an important tool for decision making in the water resources management.

The Migration Behaviour of Transuranium Elements in Gorleben Aquifer Systems: Colloid Generation and Retention Process

1988 ◽  
Vol 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. I. Kim ◽  
G. Buckau ◽  
H. Rommel ◽  
B. Sohnius
Keyword(s):  
Migration Process ◽  
Transuranium Elements ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Migration Behaviour ◽  
Aquifer Systems ◽  
Migration Study

ABSTRACTThe colloid generation as a part of the migration process of trans-uranic ions has been studied in the Gorlben aquifer system. From the migration study for the Gorleben repository site, typical examples are selected to demonstrate the influence of colloids. The quantification of colloid generation and its influence on the dissolution and geochemical sorption of transuranium elements are discussed.

Climate and land use change impacts on water resources in Sardinia (Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario Ruggiu ◽  
Salvatore Urru ◽  
Roberto Deidda ◽  
Francesco Viola
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Land Use Scenarios ◽  
Near Future

&lt;p&gt;The assessment of climate change and land use modifications effects on hydrological cycle is challenging. We propose an approach based on Budyko theory to investigate the relative importance of natural and anthropogenic drivers on water resources availability. As an example of application, the proposed approach is implemented in the island of Sardinia (Italy), which is affected by important processes of both climate and land use modifications. In details, the proposed methodology assumes the Fu&amp;#8217;s equation to describe the mechanisms of water partitioning at regional scale and uses the probability distributions of annual runoff (Q) in a closed form. The latter is parametrized by considering simple long-term climatic info (namely first orders statistics of annual rainfall and potential evapotranspiration) and land use properties of basins.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to investigate the possible near future water availability of Sardinia, several climate and land use scenarios have been considered, referring to 2006-2050 and 2051-2100 periods. Climate scenarios have been generated considering fourteen bias corrected outputs of climatic models from EUROCORDEX&amp;#8217;s project (RCP 8.5), while three land use scenarios have been created following the last century tendencies.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Results show that the distribution of annual runoff in Sardinia could be significantly affected by both climate and land use change. The near future distribution of Q generally displayed a decrease in mean and variance compared to the baseline. &amp;#160;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The reduction of&amp;#160; Q is more critical moving from 2006-2050 to 2051-2100 period, according with climatic trends, namely due to the reduction of annual rainfall and the increase of potential evapotranspiration. The effect of LU change on Q distribution is weaker than the climatic one, but not negligible.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals China's water sustainability in the 21st century: a climate-informed water risk assessment covering multi-sector water demands

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1653-1662 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Chen ◽  
D. Naresh ◽  
L. Upmanu ◽  
Z. Hao ◽  
L. Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Risk Measures ◽  
Rainfall Variability ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
High Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Water Sustainability ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Demands

Abstract. China is facing a water resources crisis with growing concerns as to the reliable supply of water for agricultural, industrial and domestic needs. High inter-annual rainfall variability and increasing consumptive use across the country exacerbates the situation further and is a constraint on future development. For water sustainability, it is necessary to examine the differences in water demand and supply and their spatio-temporal distribution in order to quantify the dimensions of the water risk. Here, a detailed quantitative assessment of water risk as measured by the spatial distribution of cumulated deficits for China is presented. Considering daily precipitation and temperature variability over fifty years and the current water demands, risk measures are developed to inform county level water deficits that account for both within-year and across-year variations in climate. We choose political rather than watershed boundaries since economic activity and water use are organized by county and the political process is best informed through that unit. As expected, the risk measures highlight North China Plain counties as highly water stressed. Regions with high water stress have high inter-annual variability in rainfall and now have depleted groundwater aquifers. The stress components due to agricultural, industrial and domestic water demands are illustrated separately to assess the vulnerability of particular sectors within the country to provide a basis for targeted policy analysis for reducing water stress.

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