scholarly journals Effects of Combined High Temperature and Waterlogging Stress at Booting Stage on Root Anatomy of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2524
Author(s):  
Bo Zhen ◽  
Huizhen Li ◽  
Qinglin Niu ◽  
Husen Qiu ◽  
Guangli Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Root System ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
Stress Control ◽  
Waterlogging Stress

In recent years, the alternating occurrence of high temperature and waterlogging disasters in South China has seriously reduced the yield of single cropping rice. Studying the changes in anatomical structure of the rice root system could provide theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms of high temperature and waterlogging stress. To examine interactions between temperature and waterlogging stress, an experiment was set up in a growth chamber consisting of two temperatures (moderate, 30–34 °C and high, 35–38 °C) with three depths of flooding (0–5, 10 and 15 cm). Treatments commenced at the booting stage and lasted five days, after which all treatments were returned to a 0–5 cm flooding depth and the same temperature regime. Observations were made immediately after cessation of treatments, then after 5, 10 and 20 d to test the effect of treatments on subsequent root anatomical development. The low-stress control (0–5 cm, medium temperature) showed no change with time in aerenchyma area, thickness of the outer root, stele diameter, and the number nor diameter of xylem vessels. Root diameter and stele diameter under the high-stress control (0–5 cm, high temperature) were decreased by 29.09% and 15.28%, respectively, at the booting stage, whereas the high stress control (15 cm, high temperature) affected only the vessel diameter, reducing it by 14.11% compared with that in the low-stress control (0–5 cm, medium temperature). Compared to the high-stress control (0–5 cm, high temperature), the interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stress alleviated the inhibiting effect of the changes in the root system, especially after the end of the stress. We thought that waterlogging could reduce the damage of high temperature on rice root growth. Low water depth waterlogging has little effect on rice root system and aerenchyma area root diameter at 0, 5, 10 and 20 d after the stress ended, and the thickness of the outer root, stele diameter and the number and diameter of vessels at 0 d under M15 (15 cm, medium temperature) had no significant difference compared with M5 (0–5 cm, medium temperature). However, the increase in rice root diameter, stele diameter, thickness of the outer root cortex depth and vessel diameter were inhibited under high temperature stress at the booting stage. Root diameter and stele diameter under H5 (0–5 cm, high temperature) were decreased by 29.09% and 15.28%, respectively, at the booting stage, whereas H15 (15 cm, high temperature) affected only the vessel diameter, reducing it by 14.11% compared with that in the M5. Compared to H5, the interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stress alleviated the inhibiting effect of the changes in the root system, especially after the end of the stress. We thought that waterlogging could lighten the damage of high temperature on rice root growth.

scholarly journals Effects of Combined High Temperature and Waterlogging Stress at Booting Stage on Root Anatomy of Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Zhen ◽  
Xinguo Zhou ◽  
Huizhen Li ◽  
Qinglin Niu ◽  
Husen Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Temperature Stress ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
High Temperature Stress ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Booting Stage ◽  
Waterlogging Stress

Abstract Background In recent years, the alternating occurrence of high temperature and waterlogging disasters in South China from July to August has seriously reduced the yield of single cropping rice. Studying the changes in anatomical structure of the rice root system could provide theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms of high temperature and waterlogging stress in rice plants.Results To examine the effects of high temperature and waterlogging stress on root anatomical structure of rice at booting stage, six treatments of rice plants were set up: high temperature stress (T1), high temperature × light waterlogging stress (water depth of 10 cm; T2), high temperature × heavy waterlogging stress (water depth of 15 cm; T3), light waterlogging stress (water depth of 10 cm; T4), heavy waterlogging stress (water depth of 15 cm;T5), and regular irrigation with shallow water (water depth of 0–5 cm) except at harvest maturity (CK). The interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stresses at the booting stage promoted earlier formation of the aeration tissue in rice roots and had a certain degree of continuity. High temperature inhibited the increase in rice root diameter, stele diameter, thickness of the outer root layer, and vessel diameter. Compared to the CK, root diameter and stele diameter under high temperature stress (T1) were decreased by 29.09% and 15.28%, respectively, at the booting stage, whereas high temperature × heavy waterlogging (T3) affected only the vessel diameter, reducing it by 14.11% compared with that in the CK. The increase in rice root diameter, stele diameter, thickness of the outer root cortex layer, and vessel diameter were inhibited under stress at the booting stage. Compared with high temperature stress, the interaction of high temperature and waterlogging stress alleviated the inhibiting effect of the changes in the root system on water and nutrient transport.Conclusion Therefore, under high temperature weather conditions after a rainstorm, water level of the surface of paddy fields should be maintained at about 10–15 cm for 5 days to alleviate the effect of high temperature on rice growth and reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus.

scholarly journals Morphological Analysis of the Rice Root System Based on Root Diameter.

2001 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susumu ARIMA ◽  
Kazumasa SAISHO ◽  
Jiro HARADA
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Rice Root

Crystallization sequence of an A1N-Y2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramic

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 446-447
Author(s):  
T.R. Dinger ◽  
G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Glass Ceramic ◽  
Crystallization Behavior ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Crystallization Sequence ◽  
Sio2 Glass ◽  
Structural Applications ◽  
Ceramic Precursors

The use of Si3N4, alloys for high temperature, high stress structural applications has prompted numerous studies of the oxynitride glasses which exist as intergranular phases in their microstructures. Oxynitride glasses have been investigated recently in their bulk form in order to understand their crystallization behavior for subsequent Si3N4 applications and to investigate their worth as glass-ceramic precursors. This research investigates the crystallization sequence of a glass having a normalized composition of Y26Si30Al11 ON11 and lying in the A1N-Y2O3-SiO2 section of the Y-Si-Al-O-N system. Such glasses exist as intergranular phases in the technologically important Y2O3/Al2O3-fluxed Si3N4 alloys.

Global Genome Expression Analysis of Transcription Factors under PEG Osmotic Stress in Rice Root System

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 1030-1037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ting-Chen MA ◽  
Rong-Jun CHEN ◽  
Rong-Rong YU ◽  
Han-Lai ZENG ◽  
Duan-Pin ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Root System ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Genome Expression

Effect of Carbide Content on Temper Embrittlement of 2.25Cr1Mo Steel

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yian Wang ◽  
Guoshan Xie ◽  
Zheng Zhang ◽  
Xiaolong Qian ◽  
Yufeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Pressure Vessel ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Temper Embrittlement ◽  
Damage Mechanism ◽  
Pressure Vessels ◽  
Nondestructive Method ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Carbide Content

Temper embrittlement is a common damage mechanism of pressure vessels in the chemical and petrochemical industry serviced in high temperature, which results in the reduction of roughness due to metallurgical change in some low alloy steels. Pressure vessels that are temper embrittled may be susceptible to brittle fracture under certain operating conditions which cause high stress by thermal gradients, e.g., during start-up and shutdown. 2.25Cr1-Mo steel is widely used to make hydrogenation reactor due to its superior combination of high mechanical strength, good weldability, excellent high temperature hydrogen attack (HTHA) and oxidation-resistance. However, 2.25Cr-1Mo steel is particularly susceptible to temper embrittlement. In this paper, the effect of carbide on temper embrittlement of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel was investigated. Mechanical properties and the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel were measured by tensile test and impact test. The tests were performed at two positions (base metal and weld metal) and three states (original, step cooling treated and in-service for a hundred thousand hours). The content and distribution of carbides were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The content of Cr and Mo elements in carbide was measured by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The results showed that the embrittlement could increase the strength and reduce the plasticity. Higher carbide contents appear to be responsible for the higher DBTT. The in-service 2.25Cr-1Mo steel showed the highest DBTT and carbide content, followed by step cooling treated 2.25Cr-1Mo steel, while the as-received 2.25Cr-1Mo steel has the minimum DBTT and carbide content. At the same time, the Cr and Mo contents in carbide increased with the increasing of DBTT. It is well known that the specimen analyzed by SEM is very small in size, sampling SEM specimen is convenient and nondestructive to pressure vessel. Therefore, the relationship between DBTT and the content of carbide offers a feasible nondestructive method for quantitative measuring the temper embrittlement of 2.25Cr-1Mo steel pressure vessel.

The effect of high-temperature and high-stress martensite aging on martensitic transformation and microstructure of Ti–51.5 at % Ni single crystals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. E. Timofeeva ◽  
E. Yu. Panchenko ◽  
A. S. Eftifeeva ◽  
E. I. Yanushonite ◽  
M. V. Zherdeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Martensitic Transformation ◽  
Single Crystals ◽  
High Stress

Investigation of Efficiency of Use of High-Temperature Greases in Steel Rolling - Part 1

2015 ◽  
Vol 806 ◽  
pp. 3-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly P. Avdeenko ◽  
Mitar Lutovac ◽  
Svetlana A. Konovalova ◽  
Mykhailo V. Fedorynov
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Medium Temperature ◽  
Friction Coefficients ◽  
Steel Rolling

It has been shown the efficiency of use of high-temperature greases “Natol-H-1(2)” in steel rolling in the result of research of friction coefficients (steel-to-steel) for various rolling pressures on application of greases “Natol”. Medium-temperature putted greases Natol-M-1(2) and pumpable consistent greases “Natol-Р-1(2, 3)” are not suitable for steel rolling. The influence of various components and their percentages in greases on magnitude of friction coefficients was found.

scholarly journals Grafting the Indeterminate Tomato Cultivar Moneymaker onto Multifort Rootstock Improves Cold Tolerance

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1610-1617 ◽  
Author(s):  
David H. Suchoff ◽  
Penelope Perkins-Veazie ◽  
Heike W. Sederoff ◽  
Jonathan R. Schultheis ◽  
Matthew D. Kleinhenz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Temperature Tolerance ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Sink Strength ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Calcined Clay ◽  
Suboptimal Temperature ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Cold Sensitive

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a warm-season, cold-sensitive crop that shows slower growth and development at temperatures below 18 °C. Improving suboptimal temperature tolerance would allow earlier planting of field-grown tomato and a reduction in energy inputs for heating greenhouses. Grafting tomato onto high-altitude Solanum habrochaites (S. Knapp and D.M. Spooner) accessions has proven effective at improving scion suboptimal temperature tolerance in limited experiments. This study was conducted to determine whether commercially available tomato rootstocks with differing parental backgrounds and root system morphologies can improve the tolerance of scion plants to suboptimal temperature. Two controlled environment growth chambers were used and maintained at either optimal (25 °C day/20 °C night) or suboptimal (15 °C day/15 °C night) temperatures. The cold-sensitive tomato cultivar Moneymaker was used as the nongrafted and self-grafted control as well as scion grafted on ‘Multifort’ (S. lycopersicum × S. habrochaites), ‘Shield’ (S. lycopersicum), and S. habrochaites LA1777 rootstocks. Plants were grown for 10 days in 3.8 L plastic containers filled with a mixture of calcined clay and sand. ‘Multifort’ rootstock significantly reduced the amount of cold-induced stress as observed by larger leaf area and higher levels of CO2 assimilation and photosystem II quantum efficiency. ‘Multifort’ had significantly longer roots, having 42% to 56% more fine root (diameter less than 0.5 mm) length compared with the other nongrafted and grafted treatments. Leaf starch concentration was significantly lower in ‘Multifort’-grafted plants at suboptimal temperatures compared with the self-grafted and nongrafted controls and the ‘Shield’-grafted plants at the same temperature. The ability for ‘Multifort’ to maintain root growth at suboptimal temperatures may improve root system sink strength, thereby promoting movement of photosynthate from leaf to root even under cold conditions. This work demonstrates that a commercially available rootstock can be used to improve suboptimal temperature tolerance in cold-sensitive ‘Moneymaker’ scions.

Does the lack of root hairs alter root system architecture of Zea mays?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steffen Schlüter ◽  
Eva Lippold ◽  
Maxime Phalempin ◽  
Doris Vetterlein
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Root System ◽  
Root Hair ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Defective Mutant

<p>Root hairs are one root trait among many which enables plants to adapt to environmental conditions. How different traits are coordinated and whether some are mutually exclusive is currently poorly understood. Comparing a root hair defective mutant with its corresponding wild-type we explored if and how the mutant exhibited root growth adaption strategies and as to how far this depended on the substrate.</p><p>Zea mays root hair defective mutant (rth3) and the corresponding wild-type siblings were grown on two substrates with contrasting texture and hence nutrient mobility. Root system architecture was investigated over time using repeated X-ray computed tomography.</p><p>There was no plastic adaption of root system architecture to the lack of root hairs, which resulted in lower uptake in particular in the substrate with low P mobility. The function of the root hairs for anchoring did not result in different depth profiles of the root length density between genotypes. Both maize genotypes showed a marked response to substrate. This was well reflected in the spatiotemporal development of rhizosphere volume fraction but especially in the strong response of root diameter to substrate, irrespective of genotype.</p><p>The most salient root plasticity trait was root diameter in response to substrate, whereas coping mechanisms for missing root hairs were less evident. Further experiments are required to elucidate whether observed differences can be explained by mechanical properties beyond mechanical impedance, root or microbiome ethylene production or differences in diffusion processes within the root or the rhizosphere.</p>

scholarly journals Comparison of Root System Morphology of Cucurbit Rootstocks for Use in Watermelon Grafting

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 629-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew B. Bertucci ◽  
David H. Suchoff ◽  
Katherine M. Jennings ◽  
David W. Monks ◽  
Christopher C. Gunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Diameter Class ◽  
Main Effect

Grafting of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is an established production practice that provides resistance to soilborne diseases or tolerance to abiotic stresses. Watermelon may be grafted on several cucurbit species (interspecific grafting); however, little research exists to describe root systems of these diverse rootstocks. A greenhouse study was conducted to compare root system morphology of nine commercially available cucurbit rootstocks, representing four species: pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), squash (Cucurbita pepo), bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and an interspecific hybrid squash (C. maxima × C. moschata). Rootstocks were grafted with a triploid watermelon scion (‘Exclamation’), and root systems were compared with nongrafted (NG) and self-grafted (SG) ‘Exclamation’. Plants were harvested destructively at 1, 2, and 3 weeks after transplant (WAT), and data were collected on scion dry weight, total root length (TRL), average root diameter, root surface area, root:shoot dry-weight ratio, root diameter class proportions, and specific root length. For all response variables, the main effect of rootstock and rootstock species was significant (P < 0.05). The main effect of harvest was significant (P < 0.05) for all response variables, with the exception of TRL proportion in diameter class 2. ‘Ferro’ rootstock produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 122% and 120% greater than the smallest root system (‘Exclamation’ SG), respectively. Among rootstock species, pumpkin produced the largest TRL and root surface area, with observed values 100% and 82% greater than those of watermelon, respectively. These results demonstrate that substantial differences exist during the initial 3 WAT in root system morphology of rootstocks and rootstock species available for watermelon grafting and that morphologic differences of root systems can be characterized using image analysis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document