scholarly journals How to Meter Agricultural Pumping at Numerous Small-Scale Wells?—An Indirect Monitoring Method Using Electric Energy as Proxy

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2477
Author(s):  
Lu Wang ◽  
Wolfgang Kinzelbach ◽  
Huaixian Yao ◽  
Jakob Steiner ◽  
Haijing Wang
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Trade Offs

The large number of users and the small scale of wells greatly complicate monitoring of groundwater abstraction in areas of intensive pumping by numerous smallholders such as in the North China Plain. This paper presents a study in a typical county in the North China Plain. It discusses the application and challenges of an indirect, energy-based approach to groundwater abstraction monitoring. Intensive field experiments at individual wells were carried out to provide a basis for the conversion from electric energy consumption to groundwater abstraction and to explore the feasibility of direct and indirect abstraction monitoring methods in the study area. The results show that the main challenge of electricity-to-water conversion lies in the large spread of conversion factors between wells. The conversion error at an individual well is found to be less than 20%. The same accuracy is achieved on spatially aggregated levels by testing only a small number of wells. Trade-offs can be made to obtain groundwater abstraction estimates at the required accuracy and with reasonable efforts regarding data collection. The analysis shows that energy-based groundwater abstraction monitoring outperforms direct water metering with respect to cost and robustness. It provides satisfactory data accuracy and equitability in regions where irrigation wells are powered by electricity.

scholarly journals Groundwater-abstraction induced land subsidence and groundwater regulation in the North China Plain

2015 ◽  
Vol 372 ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Guo ◽  
L. Wang ◽  
G. Cheng ◽  
Z. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Land Subsidence ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Groundwater Abstraction ◽  
Beijing Plain ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Development And Utilization

Abstract. Land subsidence can be induced when various factors such as geological, and hydrogeological conditions and intensive groundwater abstraction combine. The development and utilization of groundwater in the North China Plain (NCP) bring great benefits, and at the same time have led to a series of environmental and geological problems accompanying groundwater-level declines and land subsidence. Subsidence occurs commonly in the NCP and analyses show that multi-layer aquifer systems with deep confined aquifers and thick compressible clay layers are the key geological and hydrogeological conditions responsible for its development in this region. Groundwater overdraft results in aquifer-system compaction, resulting in subsidence. A calibrated, transient groundwater-flow numerical model of the Beijing plain portion of the NCP was developed using MODFLOW. According to available water supply and demand in Beijing plain, several groundwater regulation scenarios were designed. These different regulation scenarios were simulated with the groundwater model, and assessed using a multi-criteria fuzzy pattern recognition model. This approach is proven to be very useful for scientific analysis of sustainable development and utilization of groundwater resources. The evaluation results show that sustainable development of groundwater resources may be achieved in Beijing plain when various measures such as control of groundwater abstraction and increase of artificial recharge combine favourably.

scholarly journals Sustainability Evaluation of the Maize–Soybean Intercropping System and Maize Monocropping System in the North China Plain Based on Field Experiments

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaolei Yang ◽  
Peng Sui ◽  
Yawen Shen ◽  
James Gerber ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Resource Scarcity ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Emergy Evaluation ◽  
Reduced Rate

Monocropping systems, which currently dominate China’s major grain production regions, contribute to resource scarcity and environmental pollution. Intercropping has the potential to improve resource use efficiency. However, prior studies of intercropping systems have generally focused on ecological, economic, and social consequences. Here, we make a comparative ecological sustainability analysis on energy capture and efficiency of maize monocropping and maize–soybean intercropping systems through emergy evaluation based on field experiments performed from 2012 to 2014. We find that maize monocropping shows higher sustainability than maize–soybean intercropping in the North China Plain at present. Quantitative results indicate that for maize monocropping, the emergy yield ratio (EYR) and emergy sustainability index (ESI) are 13.7% and 21.1% higher than that of intercropping systems, and the environmental loading ratio (ELR) is 7.3% lower than that of intercropping systems. To further test, we applied three levels of nitrogen fertilizer in intercropping systems (120 kg ha−1, 180 kg ha−1, 240 kg ha−1), and find that a reduced rate of N fertilizer for intercropped system leads to higher sustainability (ESI 5.3% higher) but still lower sustainability than maize monocropping. Key drivers of the different sustainability outcomes are decreased energy output and a larger proportion of labor input associated with intercropping systems.

scholarly journals Effects of Tillage and Cropping Sequences On Crop Production And Environmental Benefits in the North China Plain

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Xuan Liu ◽  
Wen-Sheng Liu ◽  
Mu-Yu Yang ◽  
Yu-Xin Wei ◽  
Zhe Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Tillage Practices ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Trade Offs

Abstract The ever-increasing trend of greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions is accelerating global warming and threatening food security. Environmental benefits and sustainable food production must be pursued locally and globally. Thus, a field experiment was conducted in 2015 to understand how to balance the trade-offs between agronomic productivity and environment quality in the North China Plain (NCP). Eight treatments consisted of two factors, i.e., (i) tillage practices: rotary tillage (RT) and no-till (NT), and (ii) cropping sequences (CS): maize-wheat-soybean-wheat (MWSW), soybean-wheat-maize-wheat (SWMW), soybean-wheat (SW), and maize-wheat (MW). The economic and environmental benefits were evaluated by multiple indicators including the carbon footprint (CF), maize equivalent economic yield (MEEY), energy yield (EY), carbon sustainability index (CSI), etc. Compared with NT, RT increased the EY and MEEY, but emitted 9.4% higher GHGs. Among different CSs, no significant reduction was observed in CF. The lowest (2.0 Mg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1) and the highest (5.6 Mg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1) CF values were observed under MW and SWMW, respectively. However, CSs with soybean enhanced MEEY and the net revenue due to its higher price compared to that of MW. Although the highest CSI was observed under RT-MW, soybean-based crop rotation could offset the decline in CSI under NT when compared to that for RT. These findings suggest that conservation agriculture (CA) could enhance the balance in trade-offs between economic and environmental benefits. Additional research is needed on how to achieve high crop production by establishing a highly efficient conservation agriculture system in the NCP.

scholarly journals Specific Types and Adaptability Evaluation of Managed Aquifer Recharge for Irrigation in the North China Plain

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuai Liu ◽  
Weiping Wang ◽  
Shisong Qu ◽  
Yan Zheng ◽  
Wenliang Li
Keyword(s):  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Yellow River ◽  
Managed Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Shandong Province ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Canal Irrigation ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain

The North China Plain is the main grain production district in China, with a large area of well irrigation resulting in a large groundwater depression cone. In the 1970s and 1980s, small-scale managed aquifer recharge (MAR) projects were developed to recharge shallow groundwater, which played an important role in ensuring stable and high crop yields. MAR projects are divided into 10 types based on local water conservancy characteristics. The combined use of well–canal irrigation has been widespread in the Yellow River Irrigation District of Shandong Province for nearly 40 years, where canals play multiple roles of transporting and storing Yellow River water or local surface water, recharging groundwater and providing canal irrigation. Moreover, the newly developed open channel–underground perforated pipe–shaft–water saving irrigation system can further expand the scope and amount of groundwater recharge and prevent system clogging through three measures. Finally, an adaptability zoning evaluation system of water spreading has been established in Liaocheng City of Shandong Province based on the following five factors: groundwater depth, thickness of fine sand, specific yield, irrigation return flow, and groundwater extraction intensity. The results show that MAR is more adaptable to the western region than to the eastern and central regions.

scholarly journals Crop Water Production Functions for Winter Wheat with Drip Fertigation in the North China Plain

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 876
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Shen ◽  
Guangshuai Wang ◽  
Ketema Tilahun Zeleke ◽  
Zhuanyun Si ◽  
Jinsai Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
The North ◽  
The North China Plain ◽  
Irrigation Levels ◽  
Drip Fertigation

During four consecutive growing seasons (2014–2018), field experiments were conducted in the North China to determine winter wheat production function. The field experiments were carried out using winter wheat subjected to four N levels (N120, N180, N240, and N300) and three irrigation levels (If, I0.8f, and I0.6f). The main aims were to characterize winter wheat productivity, drought response factor Ky, and the winter wheat grain yield production functions in relation to water supply under the different N fertilizer levels. The amount of water supply (rain + irrigation) were 326–434, 333–441, 384–492, and 332–440 mm in 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018 growing seasons, respectively. Similarly, the values of ETa (including the contribution from soil water storage) were 413–466, 384–468, 401–466, and 417–467 mm in 2014–2015, 2015–2016, 2016–2017, and 2017–2018, respectively. ETa increased as the amount of irrigation increased. The average values of If, I0.8f, and I0.6f over the four growing seasons were 459–465, 432–446, and 404–413 mm, respectively. For the same amount of irrigation, there was only small difference in ETa among different nitrogen levels; for the three irrigation levels, the values of ETa in N120, N180, N240, and N300 ranged from 384 to 466, 384 to 466, 385 to 467, and 407 to 468 mm, respectively. Water productivity values ranged from 1.69 to 2.50 kg m−3 for (rain + irrigation) and 1.45 to 2.05 kg·m−3 for ETa. The Ky linearly decreased with the increase in nitrogen amount, and the values of r were greater than 0.92. The values of Ky for winter wheat in N120, N180, N240, and N300 were 1.54, 1.41, 1.28, and 1.25, respectively. The mean value of Ky for winter wheat over the three irrigation levels and the four nitrogen levels was 1.37 (r = 0.95). In summary, to gain higher grain yield and WUE, optimal combination of N fertilizer of 180–240 kg·ha−1 and irrigation quota of 36–45 mm per irrigation should be applied for winter wheat with drip fertigation in the North China Plain.

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