scholarly journals Nitrate Management Discourses in Poland and Denmark—Laggards or Leaders in Water Quality Protection?

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2371
Author(s):  
Emilia Noel Ptak ◽  
Morten Graversgaard ◽  
Jens Christian Refsgaard ◽  
Tommy Dalgaard
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Nitrate Pollution ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Governance Capacity ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Water Quality Protection ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Nitrates Directive

The most significant source of nitrate pollution in the European Union (EU) is attributed to agricultural activities, which threaten drinking water, marine, and freshwater resources. The Nitrates Directive is a key feature of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which seeks to reduce nitrate pollution from agricultural sources. Yet, weak compliance by Member States (MS) diminishes the legitimacy of the EU environmental acquis and undermines efforts to achieve environmental objectives. This study examines the nitrate management discourse in Poland to identify influencing factors that impact governance capacity and overall compliance performance. The empirical investigation is based on nine stakeholder interviews, three written correspondences, and a literature review that collectively comprise an evaluation study. A comparison in governance approaches between Poland and Denmark provides a calibration in assessing performance respective to another MS. The findings categorize both Poland and Denmark as “laggard” in WFD compliance. This case contributes new insights in identifying 6 enabling and 13 constraining factors affecting the ability of MS to fulfill their implementation duties. The findings demonstrate that divergent stakeholder views based on historical and cultural norms require a differentiated approach tailored to domestic conditions for effective fulfillment of the objectives set forth in EU environmental legislation.

The Determinants of Vietnam’s Information and Communication Technologies Exports to the European Union

2022 ◽  
pp. 001573252110579
Author(s):  
Phan Thanh Hoan ◽  
Duong Thi Dieu My
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Gravity Model ◽  
Patent Application ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Eu

Vietnam is one of the top information and communication technologies (ICT) exporters globally, and the ICT products constitute nearly one-fifth of Vietnam’s total exports to the European Union (EU). This study empirically investigates the determinants of Vietnam’s ICT exports to the EU by applying the gravity model for trade with panel data from 2000 to 2019. Besides the traditional variables of the gravity model, we added gross capital formation, patent application and exchange rates as explanatory variables. The results show that among factors affecting Vietnam’s ICT export to the EU, market size, patent applications, and exchange rate are the most significant determinants. The article also suggests some policy implications for the development of ICT exports between the two parties. JEL Codes: F14, C2

scholarly journals Integration, spatial dynamics and regional policy dilemmas in the European Union

2012 ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Γεώργιος Πετράκος
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Critical Account ◽  
The Eu

This paper presents a critical account of the process of integration and its implications for the future of European Union. It analyses the type, strength and direction of trade and factor fl ows a mong places and the emerging geography of development in Europe. It argues that integration is not a space neutral process, as its main drivers are characterized by spatial selectivity and diverging performances, generating an overall unfavorable environment for laggingbehind regions in the EU. The paper also discusses the current regional policy dilemmas in the EU, arguing that top-down uniformity in policy choices and a strict framework of policy directives should be avoided, as different places may have to choose a different mix of regional policy that will correspond better to their needs. The paper also examines why the persistently underperforming regions in Europe cannot learn and benefi t from best-case examples and the success stories of other regions. Although factors affecting economic potential are usually different in advanced and less advanced regions, cohesion policies attempt to solve the underdevelopment problems of the lagging regions, only informed by the experience of the successful ones. The paper concludes that regional policy has to change in important ways. The new territorial approach requires policy to become more fl exible and more adaptive to local and regional needs. This means that uniformity in policy priorities and mix should be avoided and the proposed ‘pan-European approach’ should leave enough room for bottom up and place based approaches, as the experience shows that no single path or an a priori mix of policy tools exists for every place.

scholarly journals Trójkąt Weimarski po rozszerzeniu UE – niewykorzystany intstrument polskiej polityki zagranicznej

2018 ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
Helen WYLIGAŁA
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Policy ◽  
Integration Process ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Polish Foreign ◽  
The Eu

Following the enlargement of the European Union, Poland was expected to become a significant creator of European policy in the Community, and an equal partner to Germany and France. This was supposed to translate into intensified activity by Poland in the Weimar Triangle. New Weimar projects were expected to provide a new core for the EU, thus sparking a European integration process. However, over the five years of Poland’s membership in the EU, the inter-governmental Weimar initiative has diminished in importance, despite diplomats’ assurances of its useful character. On the other hand, trilateral ventures in social, cultural and regional areas have blossomed. The paper analyzes external and internal factors affecting the activity of the Weimar Triangle. The unused mechanisms of the Triangle and potential cooperation fields are discussed. This is done against the background of considerations on the change in priorities of Polish foreign policy after 2004, and Berlin and Paris’s search for strategic partners in an enlarged EU. The conclusion presents the answer to the question of whether the Weimar Triangle can still be included in the arsenal of instruments of Polish diplomacy, and what prerequisites might herald its revival in the near future.

scholarly journals Financial Aspects of the European Green Deal

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
M. Strezhneva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Eu

The climate policy of the European Union became the key priority for the European Commission, headed by Ursula von der Leyen. This article analyses both its internal and external dimensions, while concentrating on the finances of the European Green Deal, the multiyear strategy for the EU socio-economic development. The methods are demonstrated which the EC employs to mobilize public and private capital for the realization of the green transit, including the financial instruments designed to assist businesses when investing in clean energy and industry. The notion of ‘sustainable’ investment is specified that Brussels is guided by when working out its financial decisions. The EU taxonomy, a green classification system that translates the EU's climate and environmental objectives into criteria for specific economic activities for investment purposes, is presented. The research reveals how the market and regulatory powers of the EU are brought to bear in rolling out its controversial Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. By means of this transnational taxation Brussels hopes to avoid carbon leakage: the situation that allegedly may occur if European carbon-intensive businesses were to transfer production to other jurisdictions with laxer emission constraints. Yet a lack of flexibility in applying the CBAM is causing concern in many countries of the world, including the USA, Brazil, South Africa and China. In EU-Russia relations in particular, it risks increasing political tensions and/or causing trade retaliation due to low levels of mutual trust. Russia developing energy transition plans of her own, her efforts in this respect are now visibly stimulated by the declared EU intention to externalize its regulatory practices. At the same time, Moscow perceives this externalization as an imposition which is most unwelcome and hurts Russia disproportionally. Presumably, the European Union could put more effort in negotiating and developing this latest European initiative with international partners to win new willing ears for it.

DESTABILIZING EUROPE: RUSSIA’S HYBRID WARFARE

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-29
Author(s):  
Borys Parakhonsky ◽  
Galina Yavorska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Security ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Security ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

The European Union is in a political and security crisis. The crisis tends to become existential, which undermines the future of the EU as an integration project. The conflict of values between liberal democracy and authoritarianism is becoming an important factor in international security. Negative current trends in the international security environment increase risks for the EU. In its foreign policy the EU does not demonstrate the ability to speak with one voice. It does not support EU’s ambition to be a global international actor. Within the EU, centrifugal tendencies and Euroscepticism appear to be gaining ground. Among the destructive external and internal factors affecting European security, the hybrid threat posed by Moscow’s ambitious plans and aggressive actions is at the forefront. These actions are aimed at undermining democracies, international solidarity and security. Russia is systematically acting to destabilize the EU, using a set of means of destructive influence, trying to undermine European unity both externally and internally. Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, operations in Syria and Libya, interference in domestic processes in the EU, etc., are exacerbating destructive trends in the European security environment. In this con- text, the EU faces the need to increase its resilience, as a tool to deter destructive actions of the Russian Federation and a means to mitigate their effect. The purpose of the article is to analyze the causes and consequences of Russia’s  hybrid influence against the EU, plus to identify the means of Russia’s destructive impact, such as the spread of misinformation, active special operations, energy pressure, etc. The article examines the imperatives of Russian foreign policy, the impact of the value crisis on the European project and its future, as well as obstacles to strategic dialogue between the EU and Russia. Europe returns to searching for its collective European identity, discussing revitalization of the global European narrative. Maintaining a system of liberal democratic values is a key precondition for the future of the EU in order to avoid the risk of disintegration of the European Union. Sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, its national security could be guaranteed only by full-fledged integration into the European political, economic and security space. Europe’s hesitations regarding the European perspective for Ukraine, which arise under pressure from the Kremlin and internal contradictions in the EU, negatively affect the security environment  in Europe.

scholarly journals Causes of the European Union's Decreasing Position in the Global Economy in 2000-2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 18(33) (1) ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
Bogumiła Mucha-Leszko
Keyword(s):  
Global Economy ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Economic Divergence ◽  
Main Factors ◽  
Quantitative Indicators ◽  
The Eu

The subject of the paper is an analysis of the economic results of the main factors affecting GDP growth in the European Union in 2000-2016. The aim is to evaluate the global position of the EU as well as to identify the main factors affecting growth of the EU’s economic potential and effectiveness. The analysis also includes the long-term development gap in the EU-15/EU-28 versus the U.S.A. Quantitative and qualitative criteria were used in the assessment. Quantitative criteria include: growth rates of GDP, investments and exports, the EU’s share in global GDP, and global exports of goods and services. The qualitative criteria are: labour productivity and total factor productivity TFP. The results of the study are as follows: 1) evaluation of the EU position in the global economy (quantitative indicators) show a decline in the EU's share in global GDP, and trade and FDI were not greater than in the U.S.A.; 2) pertaining to the qualitative criteria the United States ranks better; 3) factors contributing the most to the weakening of the global economic position of the EU are: lower investment in the ICT sector compared to the U.S., differentiation of EU members in terms of their ability to grow, socio-economic divergence and a crisis in the eurozone.

scholarly journals Consumer Preferences for Attributes in Food and Beverages in Developed and Emerging Export Markets and their Impact on the European Union and New Zealand

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Saunders ◽  
Meike Guenther ◽  
John Saunders ◽  
Paul Dalziel ◽  
Paul Rutherford
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Food And Beverages ◽  
Trade Model ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
The Eu

This study examined consumer attitudes towards attributes in food and beverages in China, India, Indonesia, Japan and the UK. The attributes included basic attributes such as price and quality, but also extended to food safety and health benefits, as well as environmental and social attributes. The importance of factors affecting key attributes were examined in more detail. The study used a web-based survey with 1,000 middle and upper income consumers in each country. In addition, the potential economic impact of agricultural returns of different levels of premiums for food attributes in the EU and New Zealand were examined using the partial equilibrium Lincoln Trade and Environment Model (LTEM). This study found that consumers from developing countries valued food attributes more than the developed countries. Trade model projections showed an important impact on the agricultural sectors in the EU and New Zealand from the different levels of premiums for food attributes in selected overseas markets.

scholarly journals ԲԱԶՄԱՄՇԱԿՈՒԹԱՅՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՔԱՂԱՔԱԿԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԽՆԴԻՐՆԵՐԸ ԵՎՐՈՊԱԿԱՆ ՄԻՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԱՆՋԱՏՈՂԱԿԱՆ ՇԱՐԺՈՒՄՆԵՐԻ ԱԿՏԻՎԱՑՄԱՆ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ/MULTICULTURAL POLICY ISSUES IN THE CONTEXT OF ACTIVITY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION SEPARATIVE MOVEMENTS/ПРОБЛЕМЫ МУЛЬТИКУЛЬТУРНОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОГО СОЮЗА В КОНТЕКСТЕ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ СЕПАРАТИСТСКИХ ДВИЖЕНИЙ

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
Rafik Avetisyan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Issues ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Multicultural Policy ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Multicultural Policies ◽  
The Eu

Considering the nationalist tendencies in the EU, the transformation of European nation-states, the increasing influx of immigrants, the socio-economic issues, it is necessary to identify the impact of the EU's multicultural policies on groups with different cultural norms and customs. The multilayered nature of the topic will provide a more comprehensive view of the issues of overcoming separatist crises. The article identifies the link between separatist demands of subdivisions with different cultural norms, and multicultural policies pursued by the state as a strategic tool for responding adequately to separatist challenges, restoring civic solidarity, and preventing the growth of social conflicts.

scholarly journals SOCIOLOGICAL AND SECURITY ASPECTS OF GEOPOLITICAL POSITIONING OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA IN THE EU ACCESSION PROCESS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Slobodan Petrović ◽  
◽  
Zorančo Vasilkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Synthetic Method ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
The Past ◽  
Accession Process ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

Sociological and safety aspects of the geopolitical integration of the Republic of Serbia into the EU are part of the reality the country and the society have been confronting since the beginning of the 21st century. To single out and determine every sociological and safety factor is almost impossible since there is no definiteness of factors affecting the positioning of a country within the association of new countries. Neither is there any unique prototype applicable to all countries. Each country possesses cultural, national, religious, institutional and economic uniqueness; hence, it can be concluded that each country undergoes various experiences in the process of integration into a new institutional family. Since the creation, the European Union by its structure has presented a challenge to the society in all respects. This may certainly be measured and explained by sociological and safety standards. This paper presents the past correlations of the Republic of Serbia from two decades ago to the present, using a synthetic method to carry out a comparative analysis of the descriptive pattern, position, and capacities of the national in relation to supranational.

scholarly journals Development of EU-China Relations: Expert Opinions and Forecasts, Risks and Opportunities for Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-70
Author(s):  
L. Vartazarova ◽  
I. Kobrinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Situation Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
The Us ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
The Eu

On November 30, 2021 the online Situation Analysis organized by the Center of Situation Analysis of the IMEMO RAS and devoted to the range of problems of the European Union and China relations to date took place. The major factors affecting the development of these relations were identified and analyzed, including the position of the US and the global economic and political trends. The experts participating in the Situation Analysis came to a conclusion that there is a transition of the EU-China relations into the phase of a more rigid and pragmatic interaction, limited by the parties' interests and by mutual wariness and lack of trust. The situation is further aggravated by the US strategic orientation towards preventing China from taking leadership in the Asia-Pacific region and the world. At the same time, the EU strategy towards China will likely be a compromise, taking into account the interests of the Member States. Expansion of the EU practice of sanctions pressure on China can also be expected. For Russia, the main challenge would be to keep a balance in its relations with the EU and the rising partner China. The expert analysis and the publication's conclusions can be also useful as a basis for the verification of forecasting studies. The experts of the Center of Situation Analysis, Center of Asia Pacific Studies, Center of North American Studies, Center of European Studies, Department of European Political Studies, Center of Development and Modernization Studies and the Laboratory 'Center of the Middle East Studies' of the IMEMO took part in the discussion and presented their notes that formed the basis of this publication: V.G. Baranovsky, O.V. Bogaevskaya, L.S. Vartazarova, K.R. Voda, K.A. Gemueva, A.A. Davydov, I.V. Danilin, E.A. Desiatsky, S.S. Dmitriev, V.Yu. Zhuravleva, I.E. Ibragimov, Yu.D. Kvashnin, E.V. Kirichenko, S.A. Kislitsyn, I. Ja. Kobrinskaya, A.V. Lomanov, S.A. Lukonin, V.V. Mikheev, M.V. Sadovnikova, N.Yu. Surkov, P.P. Timofeev, S.V. Utkin, A.N. Fedorovskiy, B.E. Frumkin, Е.S.Khesin, V.G. Shvydko. The review of the Situation Analysis was prepared by Ludmila S. Vartazarova, Doct. Sci. (Econ.), Chief Researcher of the Group of Analysis of the Current Economic Problems of the IMEMO RAS ([email protected], ORCID: 0000-0001-7804-1169) and Irina Ya. Kobrinskaya, Cand. Sci. (Hist.), Head of the Center of Situational Analysis, IMEMO RAS. ([email protected], ORCID: 0000-0002-4419-0681).

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