scholarly journals A Review of Algae-Based Produced Water Treatment for Biomass and Biofuel Production

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashiqur Rahman ◽  
Saumya Agrawal ◽  
Tabish Nawaz ◽  
Shanglei Pan ◽  
Thinesh Selvaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Algae Cultivation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many

Produced water (PW), the largest waste stream generated in oil and gas industries, has the potential to be a harmless product rather than being a waste. Biological processes using microorganisms have proven useful to remediate PW contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, complex organic chemicals, and solvents. In particular, the bioremediation of PW using algae is an eco-friendly and low-cost approach due to algae’s ability to utilize certain pollutants as nutrient sources. Therefore, the utilization of PW as an algal growth medium has a great potential to eliminate chemicals from the PW and minimize the large volumes of freshwater needed for cultivation. Although several reviews describing the bioremediation of PW have been published, to the best of our knowledge, no review has exclusively focused on the algae-based PW treatment. Therefore, the present review is dedicated to filling this gap by portraying the many different facets of the algae cultivation in PW. Several algal species that are known to thrive in a wide range of salinity and the critical steps for their cultivation in hypersaline PW have been identified. Overall, this comprehensive review highlights the PW bioremediation using algae and brings attention to utilizing PW to grow biomass that can be processed to generate biofuels and useful bioproducts.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Galdieria sulphuraria and Chlorella vulgaris for the Bioremediation of Produced Water

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1183
Author(s):  
Ashiqur Rahman ◽  
Shanglei Pan ◽  
Cymone Houston ◽  
Thinesh Selvaratnam
Keyword(s):  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Galdieria Sulphuraria ◽  
Biomass Density ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Chemical Contaminants

Produced water (PW) is the largest waste stream generated by the oil and gas industry. Traditional treatment of PW burdens the industry with significant expenses and environmental issues. Alternatively, microalgal-based bioremediation of PW is often viewed as an ecologically safe and sustainable platform for treating PW. Moreover, the nutrients in PW could support algal growth. However, significant dilution of PW is often required in algal-based systems due to the presence of complex chemical contaminants. In light of these facts, the current work has investigated the potential of cultivating Galdieria sulphuraria and Chlorella vulgaris in PW using multiple dilutions; 0% PW, 5% PW, 10% PW, 20% PW, 50% PW and 100% PW. While both algal strains can grow in PW, the current results indicated that G. sulphuraria has a higher potential of growth in up to 50% PW (total dissolved solids of up to 55 g L−1) with a growth rate of 0.72 ± 0.05 g L−1 d−1 and can achieve a final biomass density of 4.28 ± 0.16 g L−1 in seven days without the need for additional micronutrients. Additionally, the algae showed the potential of removing 99.6 ± 0.2% nitrogen and 74.2 ± 8.5% phosphorus from the PW.

Algal biofuels from wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Craggs ◽  
S. Heubeck ◽  
T. J. Lundquist ◽  
J. R. Benemann
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Algal Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Algal Production ◽  
High Rate Algal Ponds

This paper examines the potential of algae biofuel production in conjunction with wastewater treatment. Current technology for algal wastewater treatment uses facultative ponds, however, these ponds have low productivity (∼10 tonnes/ha.y), are not amenable to cultivating single algal species, require chemical flocculation or other expensive processes for algal harvest, and do not provide consistent nutrient removal. Shallow, paddlewheel-mixed high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) have much higher productivities (∼30 tonnes/ha.y) and promote bioflocculation settling which may provide low-cost algal harvest. Moreover, HRAP algae are carbon-limited and daytime addition of CO2 has, under suitable climatic conditions, the potential to double production (to ∼60 tonnes/ha.y), improve bioflocculation algal harvest, and enhance wastewater nutrient removal. Algae biofuels (e.g. biogas, ethanol, biodiesel and crude bio-oil), could be produced from the algae harvested from wastewater HRAPs, The wastewater treatment function would cover the capital and operation costs of algal production, with biofuel and recovered nutrient fertilizer being by-products. Greenhouse gas abatement results from both the production of the biofuels and the savings in energy consumption compared to electromechanical treatment processes. However, to achieve these benefits, further research is required, particularly the large-scale demonstration of wastewater treatment HRAP algal production and harvest.

The historical development of the magnetic method in exploration

Geophysics ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 33ND-61ND ◽  
Author(s):  
M. N. Nabighian ◽  
V. J. S. Grauch ◽  
R. O. Hansen ◽  
T. R. LaFehr ◽  
Y. Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Magnetic Method ◽  
Geothermal Resources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Weakly Magnetic ◽  
New Applications

The magnetic method, perhaps the oldest of geophysical exploration techniques, blossomed after the advent of airborne surveys in World War II. With improvements in instrumentation, navigation, and platform compensation, it is now possible to map the entire crustal section at a variety of scales, from strongly magnetic basement at regional scale to weakly magnetic sedimentary contacts at local scale. Methods of data filtering, display, and interpretation have also advanced, especially with the availability of low-cost, high-performance personal computers and color raster graphics. The magnetic method is the primary exploration tool in the search for minerals. In other arenas, the magnetic method has evolved from its sole use for mapping basement structure to include a wide range of new applications, such as locating intrasedimentary faults, defining subtle lithologic contacts, mapping salt domes in weakly magnetic sediments, and better defining targets through 3D inversion. These new applications have increased the method's utility in all realms of exploration — in the search for minerals, oil and gas, geothermal resources, and groundwater, and for a variety of other purposes such as natural hazards assessment, mapping impact structures, and engineering and environmental studies.

scholarly journals Development of Technology for Production of Coal-Water Fuel and Determination of the Optimality of Its Combustion

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Aldasheva
Keyword(s):  
Power Plants ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Environmental Friendliness ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Organic Fuels ◽  
Simple Technology

The article investigates the processes of preparing liquid fuel based on a mixture of coal from the Alai deposit (Kyrgyzstan) and water with the addition of other components, for combustion in various power plants and intended to replace organic fuels (solid fuel, fuel oil and gas). On the basis of the research results, a technological scheme for the preparation of coal-water fuel from the organic matter of the Alai deposit has been developed. Methods and technologies for the preparation of coal-water fuel are described. As a result, an efficient and energy-efficient method for producing coal-water fuel has been developed, which has a high energy potential, environmental friendliness, low cost, a wide range of applications and a fairly simple technology for its implementation.

Development of a MEMs gravimeter for drone-based field surveys.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Passey ◽  
Giles Hammond ◽  
Steven Bramsiepe ◽  
Abhinav Prasad ◽  
Richard Middlemiss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Earth Tides ◽  
Mems Accelerometer ◽  
Oil And Gas Exploration ◽  
Gravitational Fields ◽  
Gravimetric Survey ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

<p>Gravimetry allows us to study sub-surface structures remotely by measuring changes in Earth's surface gravitational field and using this data to infer the density of geological structures. Of its wide range of applications, it is mostly used in the oil and gas exploration industry, volcanology, civil engineering and even archaeological studies. Airborne gravimetry is a vital method of conducting a spatial gravimetric survey in areas which are difficult to access by foot, such as mountains. Generally, sensors are modified for air crafts platforms by installing them on large gimbal systems, or a strap-down gravimeter can be used as a lower-cost alternative. Now, a new MEMs gravimeter called “Wee-g” is enabling the development of a system to deploy the gravimeter on an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV or drone). Wee-g was first developed with the objective of developing a low-cost MEMS accelerometer for gravimetric use which could be manufactured on a large scale. In 2016, Wee-g was used to measure Earth tides - the elastic deformation of the Earth caused by gravitational fields of the Moon and Sun. Since then, the device electronics have been miniaturised to make the system portable and has been tested at the Campsie Hills just north of Glasgow. Work is underway to build an isolation platform with active stabilisation on which the Wee-g can be mounted to be deployed on a drone which will reduce airborne surveys costs further and allow for more airborne gravimetric surveys to be carried out in remote locations.</p>

scholarly journals The Role of Heterotrophic Microalgae in Waste Conversion to Biofuels and Bioproducts

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1090
Author(s):  
Teresa Lopes da Silva ◽  
Patrícia Moniz ◽  
Carla Silva ◽  
Alberto Reis
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Algal Growth ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Heterotrophic Microalgae ◽  
Wide Range

In the last few decades, microalgae have attracted attention from the scientific community worldwide, being considered a promising feedstock for renewable energy production, as well as for a wide range of high value-added products such as pigments and poly-unsaturated fatty acids for pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, food, and cosmetic markets. Despite the investments in microalgae biotechnology to date, the major obstacle to its wide commercialization is the high cost of microalgal biomass production and expensive product extraction steps. One way to reduce the microalgae production costs is the use of low-cost feedstock for microalgae production. Some wastes contain organic and inorganic components that may serve as nutrients for algal growth, decreasing the culture media cost and, thus, the overall process costs. Most of the research studies on microalgae waste treatment use autotrophic and mixotrophic microalgae growth. Research on heterotrophic microalgae to treat wastes is still scarce, although this cultivation mode shows several benefits over the others, such as higher organic carbon load tolerance, intracellular products production, and stability in production all year round, regardless of the location and climate. In this review article, the use of heterotrophic microalgae to simultaneously treat wastes and produce high value-added bioproducts and biofuels will be discussed, critically analyzing the most recent research done in this area so far and envisioning the use of this approach to a commercial scale in the near future.

scholarly journals Research of the problem of optimization and development of a calculation method for two-stage chain drives used in heavy industrial vehicles in conditions of economic efficiency

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Sevda Aliyeva ◽  
Javida Damirova ◽  
Sevinc Abasova
Keyword(s):  
Calculation Method ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Chain Drive ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Drilling Unit ◽  
Drilling Rigs ◽  
Chain Drives

The article is dedicated to the problem of optimization of chain drives of the drilling unit. At present, increasing the power per machine to the optimal limits, reducing the material and energy consumption per unit capacity of the machine, as well as operating costs are considered topical issues. The machines that are designed and constructed to optimal limits must be very powerful and productive. The machines that are applied to perform drilling works in the oil and gas industry must be easy to operate, reliable and have ability to operate for a long time. When constructing such machines, their being lightweight, economical, as well as their preparation in a short time and at low cost should be taken into account in advance. In order to ensure the reliable operation of drilling rigs, it is more expedient to apply chain drive in their mechanical transmission. First of all, the application of chain drive in drilling units and hoisting mechanisms is considered. Then a calculation method was developed for the chain drives of the drilling unit used in deep exploration wells and the exploitation of wells, and, accordingly, the calculation of the chain drive was carried out. The chain drive consists of drive and driven sprockets and a chain that encompasses the sprockets and engages in their teeth. Chain drives with several driven sprockets are also used. In addition to the basic listed elements, chain drives include tensioners, lubricating device and guards. The chain consists of hinged links that provide mobility or “flexibility” of the chain. Chain drives can be performed in a wide range of parameters. The calculation took into account the quality of the material, the service life and durability of the chain drive construction

The Many Pasts of Detective Fiction

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Thomas Leitch
Keyword(s):  
Detective Fiction ◽  
Golden Age ◽  
Public History ◽  
Detective Novel ◽  
Sherlock Holmes ◽  
Detective Story ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Detective Novels ◽  
The Many

Building on Tzvetan Todorov's observation that the detective novel ‘contains not one but two stories: the story of the crime and the story of the investigation’, this essay argues that detective novels display a remarkably wide range of attitudes toward the several pasts they represent: the pasts of the crime, the community, the criminal, the detective, and public history. It traces a series of defining shifts in these attitudes through the evolution of five distinct subgenres of detective fiction: exploits of a Great Detective like Sherlock Holmes, Golden Age whodunits that pose as intellectual puzzles to be solved, hardboiled stories that invoke a distant past that the present both breaks with and echoes, police procedurals that unfold in an indefinitely extended present, and historical mysteries that nostalgically fetishize the past. It concludes with a brief consideration of genre readers’ own ambivalent phenomenological investment in the past, present, and future each detective story projects.

Potential of recovering elements from produced water at oil and gas fields, British Columbia, Canada

CIM Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-214
Author(s):  
G. J. Simandl ◽  
C. Akam ◽  
M. Yakimoski ◽  
D. Richardson ◽  
A. Teucher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Produced Water ◽  
Oil And Gas Fields ◽  
Gas Fields
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