scholarly journals Minimal Building Flood Fragility and Loss Function Portfolio for Resilience Analysis at the Community Level

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar M. Nofal ◽  
John W. van de Lindt
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Loss Functions ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Flood Duration ◽  
Propagation Of Uncertainty ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Building Loss

Current flood vulnerability analyses rely on deterministic methods (e.g., stage–damage functions) to quantify resulting damage and losses to the built environment. While such approaches have been used extensively by communities, they do not enable the propagation of uncertainty into a risk- or resilience-informed decision process. In this paper, a method that allows the development of building fragility and building loss functions is articulated and applied to develop an archetype portfolio that can be used to model buildings in a typical community. The typical single-variable flood vulnerability function, normally based on flood depth, is extended to a multi-variate flood vulnerability function, which is a function of both flood depth and flood duration, thereby creating fragility surfaces. The portfolio presented herein consists of 15 building archetypes that can serve to populate a community-level model to predict damage and resulting functionality from a scenario flood event. The prediction of damage and functionality of buildings within a community is the first step in developing risk-informed mitigation decisions to improve community resilience.

scholarly journals Adaptability and transferability of flood loss functions in residential areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 3485-3527 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Cammerer ◽  
A. H. Thieken ◽  
J. Lammel
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Loss Functions ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Flood Loss ◽  
Loss Data

Abstract. Flood loss modeling is an important component within flood risk assessments. Traditionally, stage-damage functions are used for the estimation of direct monetary damage to buildings. Although it is known that such functions are governed by large uncertainties, they are commonly applied – even in different geographical regions – without further validation, mainly due to the lack of data. Until now, little research has been done to investigate the applicability and transferability of such damage models to other regions. In this study, the last severe flood event in the Austrian Lech Valley in 2005 was simulated to test the performance of various damage functions for the residential sector. In addition to common stage-damage curves, new functions were derived from empirical flood loss data collected in the aftermath of recent flood events in the neighboring Germany. Furthermore, a multi-parameter flood loss model for the residential sector was adapted to the study area and also evaluated by official damage data. The analysis reveals that flood loss functions derived from related and homogenous regions perform considerably better than those from more heterogeneous datasets. To illustrate the effect of model choice on the resulting uncertainty of damage estimates, the current flood risk for residential areas was assessed. In case of extreme events like the 300 yr flood, for example, the range of losses to residential buildings between the highest and the lowest estimates amounts to a factor of 18, in contrast to properly validated models with a factor of 2.3. Even if the risk analysis is only performed for residential areas, more attention should be paid to flood loss assessments in future. To increase the reliability of damage modeling, more loss data for model development and validation are needed.

Building popular legitimacy with reconciliatory gestures and participation: A community‐level model of authority

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 821-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. O'Brien ◽  
Tom R. Tyler ◽  
Tracey L. Meares
Keyword(s):  
Community Level ◽  
Level Model

scholarly journals Flood Depth-Damage Functions for Built Environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 553-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimilia Pistrika ◽  
George Tsakiris ◽  
Ioannis Nalbantis
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Flood Depth

Consideration: Review of Research and Prospects for Future Insights

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 406-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Roberts ◽  
James M. Lattin
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Additional Insight ◽  
Consideration Set ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Consumer Decision Process ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Consideration Set Formation ◽  
Insight Into

The authors review the behavioral underpinnings of consideration set formation and revisit the theoretical and empirical evidence that led them to develop an individual level model of consideration. They synthesize the research that has appeared since their 1991 article in the Journal of Marketing Research, examining new ideas, reviewing evolving measurement methodologies, and suggesting several areas for further research that they believe will provide additional insight into the consideration phase of the consumer decision process.

Tradeoffs in water extremes: combining hydraulic and economic modeling to assess the economic and financial viability of de Lastras de Cuéllar Dam, Spain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Héctor González López ◽  
C. Dionisio Pérez-Blanco ◽  
Laura Gil-García
Keyword(s):  
Value Added ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Regulated River ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
Operation Rules ◽  
Floods And Droughts

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Growing population and water demand (e.g for irrigation, water supply) and the vagaries of climate, now aggravated due to climate change, intensify societal exposure to water extremes and the economic and environmental impact of floods and droughts in Mediterranean basins. The Douro River Basin Authority (DRBA) in central Spain is assessing whether to build a dam in the Cega Catchment (Spain) with the twofold objective of substituting irrigation withdrawals from overallocated aquifers with relatively more abundant surface water, and of mitigating flood damage in the middle and lower stretches of the Cega River -the only non-regulated river in the DRB. This paper assesses and compares the costs of two alternative adaptation strategies to growing scarcity and more frequent and intense water extremes, namely dam construction v. the statu quo strategy where no dam is built. To this end, a Positive Multi-Attribute Utility Programing (PMAUP) that mimics farmer´s behavior and responses is used to assess the impacts on agricultural employment and gross value added of selected strategies in the irrigation sector; while the hydrologic model River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) is used to simulate the economic impact of flood events considering standard return periods, based on the global flood depth-damage functions developed by Huizinga et al. (2017). Both models are used to run 900 simulations reproducing alternative socioeconomic and climatic/hydrologic scenarios. The result is a database representing multiple plausible futures, which is used to identify vulnerabilities of proposed adaptation strategies and potential tradeoffs between responses -notably those referring to the design and operation rules of the dam, and the potential impact of floods and droughts. This methodology and the resultant database are combined with experts’ knowledge through robust decision-making tools to identify the preferred (i.e. robust) adaptation policy.</p>

scholarly journals Flood Hazard Mapping and Vulnerability Analysis of Bishnumati River, Nepal

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 20-24
Author(s):  
Susheel Dangol ◽  
Arnob Bormudoi
Keyword(s):  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Hazard Mapping ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
Technical Approach ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
Flood Intensity

Flood is one of the striking water induced disaster that hits most of the part of the world. In Nepal also it is one of the serious disasters which affect the human lives and huge amount of property. The increase of population and squatter settlements of landless people living at the bank of the river has tremendous pressure in encroachment of flood plain making them vulnerable to the flood damage. The study describes the technical approach of probable flood vulnerability and flood hazard analysis. Bishnumati catchment was taken as area of study. One dimension model of HEC-RAS with HEC-GeoRAS interface in co-ordination with ArcGIS was applied for the analysis. Analysis shows that the flood area increases with flood intensity. Higher flood depth increases and lower flood depth decreases with increase in intensity of flood. Inundation of huge area of urban land indicates that in future human lives are more prone to flood disaster. Thus, the study may help in future planning and management for future probable disaster.Nepalese Journal on Geoinformatics, Vol. 14, 2015, page: 20-24

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of Building-Level Flood Mitigation Measures Made Possible by Early Flood Warnings on Community-Level Flood Loss Reduction

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Omar M. Nofal ◽  
John W. van de van de Lindt ◽  
Harvey Cutler ◽  
Martin Shields ◽  
Kevin Crofton
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Flood Mitigation ◽  
Precipitation Forecast ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Flood Warnings

The growing number of flood disasters worldwide and the subsequent catastrophic consequences of these events have revealed the flood vulnerability of communities. Flood impact predictions are essential for better flood risk management which can result in an improvement of flood preparedness for vulnerable communities. Early flood warnings can provide households and business owners additional time to save certain possessions or products in their buildings. This can be accomplished by elevating some of the water-sensitive components (e.g., appliances, furniture, electronics, etc.) or installing a temporary flood barrier. Although many qualitative and quantitative flood risk models have been developed and highlighted in the literature, the resolution used in these models does not allow a detailed analysis of flood mitigation at the building- and community level. Therefore, in this article, a high-fidelity flood risk model was used to provide a linkage between the outputs from a high-resolution flood hazard model integrated with a component-based probabilistic flood vulnerability model to account for the damage for each building within the community. The developed model allowed to investigate the benefits of using a precipitation forecast system that allows a lead time for the community to protect its assets and thereby decreasing the amount of flood-induced losses.

scholarly journals Flood Hazard, Vulnerability and Risk Assessment for Different Land Use Classes Using a Flow Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Abdullah Al Baky ◽  
Muktarun Islam ◽  
Supria Paul
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Critical Point ◽  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Flow Simulation ◽  
Flood Risk Assessment ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThis study is concerned with flood risk that can be assessed by integrating GIS, hydraulic modelling and required field information. A critical point in flood risk assessment is that while flood hazard is the same for a given area in terms of intensity, the risk could be different depending on a set of conditions (flood vulnerability). Clearly, risk is a function of hazard and vulnerability. This study aims to introducing a new approach of assessing flood risk, which successfully addresses this above-mentioned critical issue. The flood risk was assessed from flood hazard and vulnerability indices. Two-dimensional flood flow simulation was performed with Delft3D model to compute floodplain inundation depths for hazard assessment. For the purpose of flood vulnerability assessment, elements at risk and flood damage functions were identified and assessed, respectively. Then, finally flood risk was assessed first by combining replacement values assessed for the elements and then using the depth–damage function. Applying this approach, the study finds that areas with different levels of flood risk do not always increase with the increase in return period of flood. However, inundated areas with different levels of flood depth always increase with the increase in return period of flood. The approach for flood risk assessment adopted in this study successfully addresses the critical point in flood risk study, where flood risk can be varied even after there is no change in flood hazard intensity.

scholarly journals Adaptability and transferability of flood loss functions in residential areas

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 3063-3081 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Cammerer ◽  
A. H. Thieken ◽  
J. Lammel
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Loss Functions ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Flood Loss ◽  
Loss Data ◽  
Damage Data

Abstract. Flood loss modeling is an important component within flood risk assessments. Traditionally, stage-damage functions are used for the estimation of direct monetary damage to buildings. Although it is known that such functions are governed by large uncertainties, they are commonly applied – even in different geographical regions – without further validation, mainly due to the lack of real damage data. Until now, little research has been done to investigate the applicability and transferability of such damage models to other regions. In this study, the last severe flood event in the Austrian Lech Valley in 2005 was simulated to test the performance of various damage functions from different geographical regions in Central Europe for the residential sector. In addition to common stage-damage curves, new functions were derived from empirical flood loss data collected in the aftermath of recent flood events in neighboring Germany. Furthermore, a multi-parameter flood loss model for the residential sector was adapted to the study area and also evaluated with official damage data. The analysis reveals that flood loss functions derived from related and more similar regions perform considerably better than those from more heterogeneous data sets of different regions and flood events. While former loss functions estimate the observed damage well, the latter overestimate the reported loss clearly. To illustrate the effect of model choice on the resulting uncertainty of damage estimates, the current flood risk for residential areas was calculated. In the case of extreme events like the 300 yr flood, for example, the range of losses to residential buildings between the highest and the lowest estimates amounts to a factor of 18, in contrast to properly validated models with a factor of 2.3. Even if the risk analysis is only performed for residential areas, our results reveal evidently that a carefree model transfer in other geographical regions might be critical. Therefore, we conclude that loss models should at least be selected or derived from related regions with similar flood and building characteristics, as far as no model validation is possible. To further increase the general reliability of flood loss assessment in the future, more loss data and more comprehensive loss data for model development and validation are needed.

Flood vulnerability assessment: A critical comparison between site derived, national and international depth-damage functions and their use in assessing flood risk in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balqis M. Rehan ◽  
Paul Sayers ◽  
A. Ulwan M. Alayuddin ◽  
M. Fadhil M. Ghamrawi ◽  
James D. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Flood Damage ◽  
Damage Function ◽  
Kuala Lumpur ◽  
Investment Planning ◽  
Damage Functions ◽  
Flood Vulnerability ◽  
Site Specific ◽  
Flood Vulnerability Assessment

<p>Damage functions are widely used to determine flood losses. National and international published damage functions are often used with little scrutiny or validation at local scales; a lack of understanding that unquestionably adds uncertainty to national flood risk assessment and investment planning. This paper examines the differences in aggregate flood damage estimates based on damage functions derived locally using local surveys and questionnaires, published national sector-based damage functions and land-use based damage functions published for Malaysia in the international literature. The paper is presented in two parts: firstly, the construction of a damage function from site-specific post-event flood surveys (covering a range of building types and flood hazard variables) and secondly, the comparison of these locally derived function with available national and international functions. A 0.05 km<sup>2</sup> residential area located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, which consists of sparsely located houses was selected for the study. It was used to drive the site-specific damage function and an associated estimate of flood damage for a range of observed and modelled flood events. The results show that at higher depths, the use of the site-specific function suggest an aggregate damage of approximately twice than an estimate based on national functions but much less (less than 100%) than would be estimated based on international published functions. The paper concludes that the international published damage functions should be used with care and condition using local (where possible) or national understanding of flood damages to avoid a significant over estimation of losses.</p>

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