scholarly journals Evaluation of the Main Function of Low Impact Development Based on Rainfall Events

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2231
Author(s):  
Meiyan Feng ◽  
Kwansue Jung ◽  
Fengping Li ◽  
Hongyan Li ◽  
Joo-Cheol Kim
Keyword(s):  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Hydrological Process ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Hydrological Balance ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Cycle System ◽  
Positive Effect

Low Impact Development (LID) is one of the sustainable approaches to urban stormwater management in areas with rapid urbanization. Although LID has been shown to have a positive effect in flood reduction, the hydrological balance regulation effect of LID under a variety of rainfall events is not fully understood. In this study, we assessed the hydrological efficiency of LID at two residential–commercial mixed sites in Korea to investigate the main function of LID in terms of diverse rainfall characteristics. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was constructed to simulate the hydrological process numerical simulations in the pre-development, post-development and LID design scenarios, respectively. The model was calibrated and validated by using five observed rainfall–runoff events. Then, four single and four multiple LID practices (LIDs) were used to estimate their effectiveness under seven different designed rainfall events. The results indicate that LIDs substantially influence the hydrology cycle system, while the regulating effect varies with rainfall amounts. The efficiency of LIDs in flood reduction is proved to be more effective during lower storm events. However, LIDs should be designed to primarily prioritize the restoration of hydrological balance when the rainfall return period is longer.

scholarly journals Simulation of Low Impact Development (LID) Practices and Comparison with Conventional Drainage Solutions

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (11) ◽  
pp. 640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis M. Kourtis ◽  
Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis ◽  
Evangelos Baltas
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Management Model ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Runoff Volume ◽  
Peak Runoff

The present work aims at quantifying the benefit of Low Impact Development (LID) practices in reducing peak runoff and runoff volume, and at comparing LID practices to conventional stormwater solutions. The hydrologic-hydraulic model used was the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM5.1). The LID practices modeled were: (i) Green roofs; and (ii) Permeable pavements. Each LID was tested independently and compared to two different conventional practices, i.e., sewer enlargement and detention pond design. Results showed that for small storm events LID practices are comparable to conventional measures, in reducing flooding. Overall, smaller storms should be included in the design process.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of low-impact development for urban inundation risk mitigation under different scenarios: a case study in Shenzhen, China

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2525-2536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiansheng Wu ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Jing Song
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
High Hazard ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Hazard Levels

Abstract. The increase in impervious surfaces associated with rapid urbanization is one of the main causes of urban inundation. Low-impact development (LID) practices have been studied for mitigation of urban inundation. This study used a hydrodynamic inundation model, coupling SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) and IFMS-Urban (Integrated Flood Modelling System–Urban), to assess the effectiveness of LID under different scenarios and at different hazard levels. The results showed that LID practices can effectively reduce urban inundation. The maximum inundation depth was reduced by 3 %–29 %, average inundation areas were reduced by 7 %–55 %, and average inundation time was reduced by 0 %–43 % under the eight scenarios. The effectiveness of LID practices differed for the three hazard levels, with better mitigation of urban inundation at a low hazard level than at a high hazard level. Permeable pavement (PP) mitigated urban inundation better than green roofs (GRs) under the different scenarios and at different hazard levels. We found that more implementation area with LID was not necessarily more efficient, and the scenario of 10 % PP+10 % GR was more efficient for the study area than other scenarios. The results of this study can be used by local governments to provide suggestions for urban inundation control, disaster reduction, and urban renewal.

scholarly journals Evaluating the performance of low impact development practices in urban runoff mitigation through distributed and combined implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1506-1520
Author(s):  
Sina Samouei ◽  
Mehmet Özger
Keyword(s):  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Infiltration Rate ◽  
Hydrologic Response ◽  
Impervious Surfaces ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Small Catchment ◽  
Runoff Reduction

Abstract Rapid urbanization and increasing impervious surfaces in cities lead to a serious reduction in infiltration rate of the surface and cause challenges in stormwater management. The Low Impact Development (LID) concept is considered as a potential solution for sustainable urban growth by contributing in urban flood mitigation. However, its effects on hydrologic response of the urbanized catchments, especially in broad scale implementation, are not fully understood and practically examined. In this study a hydrologic-hydraulic model of a small catchment was developed in EPA storm water management model (SWMM) program and calibrated and validated through field measurements. The hydrologic response of the catchment was investigated after replacing proportions of impervious surfaces with combinations of LID practices such as green roof, permeable pavement and bio-retention cell, through four land cover conversion scenarios and under five different designed storm events. The simulation results which are derived by comparison of outflow hydrographs between each scenario and conventional drainage system indicated that implementing 5–20% of LIDs has a noticeable impact on runoff peak flow and volume reduction, especially in storm events with shorter return periods. Also the runoff reduction trends show a linear response due to the increase in LID implementation ratio in the study area.

scholarly journals Modeling the quality of sewage during the leaking of stormwater surface runoff to the sanitary sewer system using SWMM: a case study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Hassan Mohammed ◽  
Haider M. Zwain ◽  
Waqed Hammed Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Statistical Validation ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Sanitary Sewer

Abstract This paper describes the application of the storm water management model (SWMM) for predicting the sewage quality in the sanitary sewer system of the study area resulting from the leaking of stormwater surface runoff to the system during rainfall events at different return periods. The concentrations of major pollutants were assessed in the sanitary sewer system at different rainfall intensities. Then, a solution to mitigate the problem was proposed using low impact development (LID) technology. The results of sensitivity analysis indicated that maximum build-up possible was the most sensitive parameter for model calibration. The model was calibrated using actual rainfall events, and statistical validation coefficients of R (0.81–0.82) and NMSE (0.0173–0.022) proved that the model is valid. The sewage quality assessment results showed that pollutants concentration increased to its maximum level at 20 min and gradually decreased to a slightly constant minimum value after 2 h. The proposed solution of LID reduced the pollutants concentrations by 82–88, 75–77, 52–55, and 7–10% for all pollutants at return periods of 2, 5, 10, and 25 years, respectively. To conclude, SWMM simulation successfully predicted the concentration of the pollutants, and leaking of stormwater surface runoff has changed the sewage quality.

scholarly journals Simulating the effects of low impact development approaches on urban flooding: a case study from Tehran, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (8) ◽  
pp. 1591-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Movahedinia ◽  
Jamal Mohammad Vali Samani ◽  
Fakhreddin Barakhasi ◽  
Saleh Taghvaeian ◽  
Raffi Stepanian
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Urban Flooding ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Storm Water Management Model

Abstract Low impact development (LID) methods have been shown to be efficient in reducing the peak flow and total volume of urban stormwater, which is a top priority for effective urban stormwater management in many municipalities. However, decision-makers need information on the effects of LIDs and their associated costs before allocating limited resources. In this study, the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) was used to investigate the effects of five different LID scenarios on urban flooding in a district in Tehran, Iran. The LID scenarios included rain barrel (RB) at two sizes, bio-retention cell (BRC), and combinations of the two structures. The results showed that significant node flooding and overflow volume would occur in the study area under the existing conditions, especially for rainfall events with longer return periods. BRC and combinations of BRC and RBs were the most effective options in reducing flooding, while the smaller-size RB was the cheapest alternative. However, normalized cost, obtained through dividing the total cost by the percent reduction in node flooding and/or overflow volume, was smallest for BRC. The results of this study demonstrate how hydraulic modeling can be combined with economic analysis to identify the most efficient and affordable LID practices for urban areas.

scholarly journals Toward More Resilient Urban Stormwater Management Systems—Bridging the Gap From Theory to Implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert van Duin ◽  
David Z. Zhu ◽  
Wenming Zhang ◽  
Robert J. Muir ◽  
Chris Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Critical Infrastructure ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
System Sensitivity

Many publications include references to reliability, risk and resilience, specifically within the context of climate change and rapid urbanization. However, there is a considerable gap between theory and actual implementation by drainage professionals. As such, most drainage professionals will not have an appreciation of a drainage system's response to events in excess of its original design event. This gap is compounded by the desire toward evaluating components such as “critical infrastructure” for events significantly more severe than ever contemplated. This paper, reflecting the combined wisdom and thoughts of various drainage professionals across Canada involved with the creation of the Canadian drainage standards (CSA W204 and W210), provides a treatise of risk and resilience based on the application of the dual drainage principle. It provides a discussion of key factors including climate change; densification; shape, intensity, duration and spatial extent of storm events, as a function of the normalized capacity or drain down/emptying time of the various components of the drainage system. Commentaries are offered, highlighting the role of appropriate setbacks and freeboard, and focusing on those aspects that have historically been ignored. Avenues to increase system resilience are presented including an evolution in passive and active flow controls, the potential beneficial role of natural systems and low impact development practices as a function of system sensitivity, discussing how options may vary across Canada.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of low impact development for urban inundation risk mitigation under different scenarios: a case study in Shenzhen, China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiansheng Wu ◽  
Rui Yang ◽  
Jing Song
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Impervious Surfaces ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Inundation Depth ◽  
Hazard Level ◽  
Hazard Levels

Abstract. The increase in impervious surfaces associated with rapid urbanization is one of the main causes of urban inundation. In order to eliminate the adverse effects caused by impervious surfaces, many scholars have begun to research the use of low impact development (LID) practices to mitigate urban inundation risk. This study proposes a hydrodynamic inundation model, coupling SWMM (Storm Water Management Model, 1D) and IFMS Urban (Integrated Urban Flood Modelling System, 2D), to simulate inundation depth, area, and time of stormwater inundation on an urban watershed scale, as well as to assess the effectiveness of two LID practices, permeable pavement (PP) and green roof (GR), under 25 % GR + 25 % PP, 50 % GR + 50 % PP, 75 % GR + 75 % PP, 100 % GR + 100 % PP, 100 % PP, 100 % GR scenarios, and Low, Medium, High hazard levels. The results show the following. 1) LID practices can effectively eliminate inundation risk for most areas under Low hazard level for urban inundation. They can ease the inundation risk for places under higher hazard levels for urban inundation under different scenarios. More specifically, the maximum inundation depth was reduced by 14–29 %, inundation areas were reduced by 34–55 %, and average inundation time was reduced by 0–43 % in six scenarios. 2) In this study, the performance of PP is better than that of GR under different scenarios and hazard levels. 3) The scenario of 100 % PP + 100 % GR has the best effectiveness for inundation reduction, but that of 25 % PP + 25 % GR is more efficient when considering cost-effectiveness. The results of this study can serve as a reference to local governments, and provide suggestions regarding urban inundation control, disaster reduction, urban renewal, and so on.

scholarly journals Effects of Urban Forms on Separate Drainage Systems: A Virtual City Perspective

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia ◽  
Sitzenfrei ◽  
Rauch ◽  
Liang ◽  
Liu
Keyword(s):  
Urban Form ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Drainage Systems ◽  
Urban Forms ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Wastewater Systems ◽  
Performance Dimensions

The development of urban drainage systems is challenged by rapid urbanization; however, little attention is paid to the urban form and its effects on these systems. This study develops an integrated city-drainage model that configures typical urban forms and their associated drainage infrastructures, specifically domestic wastewater and rainwater systems, to analyze the relationship between them. Three typical types of urban forms were investigated: the square, the star, and the strip. Virtual cities were designed first, with the corresponding drainage systems generated automatically and then linked to a model herein called the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Evaluation was based on 200 random configurations of wastewater/rainwater systems with different structures or attributes. The results show that urban forms play more important roles on three dimensions of performance, namely economic efficiency, effectiveness, and adaptability, of the rainwater systems than of the wastewater systems. Cost is positively correlated to the effectiveness of rainwater systems among the different urban forms, while adaptability is negatively correlated to the other two performance dimensions. Regardless of the form, it is difficult for a city to make its drainage systems simultaneously cost-effective, efficient, and adaptable based on the virtual cities we investigated. This study could inspire the urban planning of both built-up and to-be-built areas to become more sustainable with their drainage infrastructure by recognizing the pros and cons of different macroscale urban forms.

scholarly journals Mobilisation or dilution? Nitrate response of karst springs to high rainfall events

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (11) ◽  
pp. 4423-4435 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Huebsch ◽  
O. Fenton ◽  
B. Horan ◽  
D. Hennessy ◽  
K. G. Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Nitrate Contamination ◽  
Karst Aquifers ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Storm Events ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Nitrate Concentrations ◽  
Nitrate Response ◽  
Karst Systems

Abstract. Nitrate (NO3−) contamination of groundwater associated with agronomic activity is of major concern in many countries. Where agriculture, thin free draining soils and karst aquifers coincide, groundwater is highly vulnerable to nitrate contamination. As residence times and denitrification potential in such systems are typically low, nitrate can discharge to surface waters unabated. However, such systems also react quickest to agricultural management changes that aim to improve water quality. In response to storm events, nitrate concentrations can alter significantly, i.e. rapidly decreasing or increasing concentrations. The current study examines the response of a specific karst spring situated on a grassland farm in South Ireland to rainfall events utilising high-resolution nitrate and discharge data together with on-farm borehole groundwater fluctuation data. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to formulate a scientific hypothesis of possible scenarios relating to nitrate responses during storm events, and to verify this hypothesis using additional case studies from the literature. This elucidates the controlling key factors that lead to mobilisation and/or dilution of nitrate concentrations during storm events. These were land use, hydrological condition and karstification, which in combination can lead to differential responses of mobilised and/or diluted nitrate concentrations. Furthermore, the results indicate that nitrate response in karst is strongly dependent on nutrient source, whether mobilisation and/or dilution occur and on the pathway taken. This will have consequences for the delivery of nitrate to a surface water receptor. The current study improves our understanding of nitrate responses in karst systems and therefore can guide environmental modellers, policy makers and drinking water managers with respect to the regulations of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD). In future, more research should focus on the high-resolution monitoring of karst aquifers to capture the high variability of hydrochemical processes, which occur at time intervals of hours to days.

scholarly journals WetSpa-Urban: An Adapted Version of WetSpa-Python, A Suitable Tool for Detailed Runoff Calculation in Urban Areas

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahad Rezazadeh Helmi ◽  
Boud Verbeiren ◽  
Charlotte Wirion ◽  
Ann van Griensven ◽  
Imeshi Weerasinghe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Investigation ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Distributed Process ◽  
Model Efficiency ◽  
Event Based

A tool called WetSpa-Urban was developed to respond to the need for precise runoff estimations in an increasingly urbanized world. WetSpa-Urban links the catchment model WetSpa-Python to the urban drainage model Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). WetSpa-Python is an open-source, fully distributed, process-based model that accurately represents surface hydrological processes but does not simulate hydraulic structures. SWMM is a well-known open-source hydrodynamic tool that calculates pipe flow processes in an accurate manner while runoff is calculated conceptually. Merging these tools along with certain modifications, such as improving the efficiency of surface runoff calculation and simulating flow at the sub-catchment level, makes WetSpa-Urban suitable for event-based and continuous rainfall–runoff modeling for urban areas. WetSpa-Urban was applied to the Watermaelbeek catchment in Brussels, Belgium, which recently experienced rapid urbanization. The model efficiency was evaluated using different statistical methods, such as Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and model bias. In addition, a statistical investigation, independent of time, was performed by applying the box-cox transformation to the observed and simulated values of the flow peaks. By speeding up the simulation of the hydrological processes, the performance of the surface runoff calculation increased by almost 130%. The evaluation of the simulated 10 minute flow versus the observed flow at the outlet of the catchment for 2015 reached a Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency of 0.86 and a bias equal to 0.06.

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