scholarly journals The Use of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement to Filter Stormwater for Non-Potable Uses in Buildings

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2045
Author(s):  
Enedir Ghisi ◽  
Thiago Belotto ◽  
Liseane Thives
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Model System ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Concrete Pavement ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement

A reduction in potable water demand in buildings could be made by using non-potable water for certain uses, such as flushing toilets. This represents a sustainable strategy that results in potable water savings while also using an underutilised resource. This work assesses the use of permeable interlocking concrete pavement to filter stormwater that could be used for non-potable purposes in buildings. Two pavement model systems were tested. One of the model systems presents a filter course layer with coarse sand and the other model system has no filter course layer. In order to evaluate the filtering capacity, the model systems were exposed to rain events. The amount of water infiltrated through the layers was measured to represent the potential quantity available for use. Stormwater runoff samples were collected from a parking lot paved with impermeable interlocked blocks and then, these were tested in both model systems. Water samples were subjected to quality tests according to the parameters recommended by the Brazilian National Water Agency. The model system with no filter course showed filtering capacity higher (88.1%) than the one with a filter course layer (78.8%). The model system with a filter course layer was able to reduce fecal coliforms (54.7%), total suspended solids (62.5%), biochemical oxygen demand (78.8%), and total phosphorus concentrations (55.6%). Biochemical oxygen demand (42.4%) and total phosphorus concentrations (44.4%) increased in the model system with no filter course layer. In conclusion, one can state that the filter course layer used in permeable interlocking concrete pavement can contribute to decreasing pollutants and can improve stormwater quality. The use of permeable interlocking concrete pavement showed to be a potential alternative for filtering stormwater prior to subsequent treatment for non-potable uses in buildings.

scholarly journals Influence of urban area on the water quality of the Campo River basin, Paraná State, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (4 suppl 2) ◽  
pp. 96-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Q. Carvalho ◽  
S. B. Lima ◽  
F. H. Passig ◽  
L. K. Gusmão ◽  
D. C. Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
The Public ◽  
Poor Water Quality ◽  
Basic Sanitation ◽  
Nitrite Nitrate

The Campo River basin is located on the third plateau of the Paraná State or trap plateau of Paraná, at the middle portion between the rivers Ivaí and Piquiri, southern Brazil, between the coordinates 23° 53 and 24° 10’ South Latitude and 52° 15’ and 52° 31’ West Longitude. The basin has 384 Km² area, being 247 km2 in the municipality of Campo Mourão and 137 km2 in the municipality of Peabiru, in Paraná State. The Campo River is a left bank tributary of the Mourão River, which flows into the Ivaí River. The objective of this study was to monitor water quality in the Km 119 River and the Campo River, tributaries of the Mourão River, with monthly collection of water samples to determine pH, temperature, turbidity, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, fecal coliforms, total solids, total nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate and total phosphorus. The results obtained were compared with the indices established by the environmental legislation and applied in the determination of the Water Quality Index (WQI) used by the Water Institute of Paraná State, regulating environmental agency. Poor water quality in these rivers presents a worrying scenario for the region, since this river is the main source of water supply for the public system. Results of organic matter, fecal coliforms and total phosphorus were higher than the limits established by Resolution CONAMA 357/2005 to river class 2, specially at downstream of the Km 119 River and the Campo River, due to the significant influence of the urban anthropic activity by the lack of tertiary treatment and also rural by the lack of basic sanitation in this area. Results of WQI of Km 119 River and do Campo River indicated that water quality can be classified as average in 71% and good in 29% of the sites evaluated.

Reed beds: constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge dewatering

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 393-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Begg ◽  
R.L. Lavigne ◽  
P.L.M. Veneman
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Total Suspended Solids ◽  
Sludge Dewatering ◽  
Sludge Treatment ◽  
Reed Beds ◽  
Reed Bed

Reed beds are an alternative technology wastewater treatment system that mimic the biogeochemical processes inherent in natural wetlands. The purpose of this project was to determine the effectiveness of a reed bed sludge treatment system (RBSTS) in southern New England after a six-year period of operation by examining the concentrations of selected metals in the reed bed sludge biomass and by determining the fate of solids and selected nutrients. Parameters assessed in both the reed bed influent and effluent: total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphorus. In addition, the following metals were studied in the reed bed influent, effluent and Phragmites plant tissue and the sludge core biomass: boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc. The removal efficiencies for sludge dewatering, total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand were all over 90%. Nitrate and total phosphorus removal rates were 90% and 80% respectively. Overall metals removal efficient was 87%. Copper was the only metal in the sludge biomass that exceeded the standards set by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection for land disposal of sludge. The highest metal concentrations, for the most part, tended to be in the lower tier of the sludge profile. The exception was boron, which was more concentrated in the middle tier of the sludge profile. The data and results presented in this paper support the notion that reed bed sludge treatment systems and the use of reed beds provide an efficient and cost effective alternative for municipal sludge treatment.

Quality Issues Regarding the Watercourses from Middle Basin of Jiu River

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Daniela Cirtina ◽  
Camelia Capatina
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Quality Issues

The study aims to characterize the quality of surface waters in the middle of the river basin Jiu by monitoring physicochemical indicators of their quality, in 2013-2015. In this regard, the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) of nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonium (NH4+), total phosphorus (Ptotal), chlorides and sulphates from water have been determined. Water of Jiu River and its tributaries of Gorj county have been monitored on representative sections for the evolution of their quality. It was found that the water from natural reservoirs monitored shows an evolution in the limits permitted by the regulations in force except biochemical oxygen demand and nitrites indicators for river Jiu and Tismana and nitrate and chloride content for Gilort River.

scholarly journals Applicability Evaluation of the Hydrological Image and Convolution Neural Network for Prediction of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Total Phosphorus Loads in Agricultural Areas

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 529
Author(s):  
Chul Min Song ◽  
Jin Soo Kim
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Input Data ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Convolution Neural Network ◽  
Stable Model ◽  
Model Learning ◽  
Load Model

This study employed a convolution neural network (CNN) model, hitherto used only for solving classification problems, with two-dimensional input data to predict the pollution loads and evaluate the CNN model’s applicability. A CNN model generally requires two-dimension input data, such as photographs in previous studies. However, this study’s CNN model necessitates the numerical images that reflect hydrological phenomena due to the nature of the study. A hydrological image was used as the input data for the CNN model in this study to address this issue. The last layer of the CNN model was also transformed into a linear function to derive the continuous variable. As a result, the Pearson correlation coefficient, which represents the relationship between the measured and predicted values, demonstrated a Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) load model of 0.94 and a Total Phosphorus (TP) load model of 0.87. Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency was used to evaluate the model performance; the BOD load model was 0.83, while the TP load model was 0.79, respectively, indicating good performance. These results demonstrate that the hydrological images led to stable model learning and generalization, and the proposed CNN model is suitable for predicting the pollution load, with potential future applications in various fields.

scholarly journals Nutrient Level of a Young Tropical Hydroelectric Dam Reservoir in Sarawak, Malaysia

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teck Yee Ling ◽  
Norliza Gerunsin ◽  
Chen Lin Soo ◽  
Nyanti Lee ◽  
Siong Fong Sim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nutrient Level ◽  
Dam Construction ◽  
Hydroelectric Reservoir ◽  
Nitrite Nitrogen ◽  
Hydroelectric Dam ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Monitoring the nutrient level of a reservoir is crucial as excess nutrients can lead to hypoxia and fish kills in the reservoir. Hence, this study was carried out to examine the nutrient level of the Bakun reservoir, which is a newly built hydroelectric reservoir in Sarawak, Malaysia. Water samples were taken at five stations in the reservoir at three different depths (surface layer, 10 m, and 20 m) in November 2013. The present study demonstrated that Bakun reservoir contained low nitrite-nitrogen (≈ 0.005 mg/L) and nitrate-nitrogen (≈ 0.005 mg/L) concentrations but high five-day biochemical oxygen demand (≈ 4.73 mg/L) and organic Kjeldahl nitrogen (≈ 0.16 mg/L) concentrations indicating that organic pollution occurred in the reservoir. On the other hand, a mean total phosphorus concentration of 98.3 μg/L in the Bakun reservoir complied with the 200 μg/L standard value of Class II according to National Water Quality Standards in Malaysia. The nutrient level in the Bakun reservoir differed according to sampling stations and depths. Samplings stations located at Murum River downstream of the Murum dam construction site showed peak value of turbidity (182 FNU) and organic Kjeldahl nitrogen (0.45 mg/L) particularly at deeper water column. Batang Balui and Linau River were observed with higher five-day biochemical oxygen demand (> 6 mg/L) compared to other stations. Station near to the Bakun hydroelectric dam contained relatively high nitrite-nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations but low nitrate-nitrogen and organic Kjeldahl nitrogen concentrations. Anthropogenic activities such as floating house and Murum dam construction have influenced the nutrients level in the reservoir. Keywords : Bakun hydroelectric reservoir, dam construction, nitrogen, phosphorus, turbidity

Developing a water quality index in a tropical reservoir using a measure of multiparameters

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 752-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Quevedo-Castro ◽  
Jesús G. Rangel-Peraza ◽  
Erick Bandala ◽  
Leonel Amabilis-Sosa ◽  
Abraham Rodríguez-Mata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Organic Nitrogen ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Tropical Reservoir

Abstract A water quality index (WQI) for the Adolfo López Mateos Dam (ALMD) was developed based on statistical multiparameter tools assisted with linear programming. ALMD was selected due to its social and economic significance in Sinaloa, the state with the highest agricultural production in Mexico. Twenty-six water-quality parameters were analyzed for four sampling points distributed along the dam during 2012–2017. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation matrix, principal components analysis (PCA) and sensitivity analysis (SA). Results indicated that variables explaining spatial and temporal water quality distribution at ALMD were total suspended solids, fecal coliforms, pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, total phosphorus, orthophosphates and chlorophyll a. A series of pondering weights (Wi) were obtained from the PCA analysis. Every Wi was multiplied by the probability function of the specific parameter (SIi) to generate the WQIALMD model. The model was applied to address water quality at ALMD which describes the general overall water quality in the dam as ‘good’. Finally, a sensitivity analysis for the model showed that the most sensitive WQI variables were: fecal coliforms, total phosphorus, organic nitrogen, and chlorophyll a.

scholarly journals Design Recommendations for Constructed Wetland Treatment Unit at Household Level

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4S2) ◽  
pp. 23-25
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Total Alkalinity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Soil Thickness ◽  
Design Recommendations ◽  
Household Level

In this study, small scale simple Constructed Wetland is developed for treating wastewater at household level. For this purposedifferent laboratory based constructed wetlands are developed by changing size of soil, thickness of soil and by changing type of plants. Water quality parameters namely pH, Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate Chloride, Fluoride, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Fecal Coliforms are tested before and after treatment. It is evident that Fecal Coliforms, Ammonia, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand removal is maximum as 98%, 92%, 86% and 75% respectively. Inorganic matters are not removed effectively. Design recommendations are also given for household constructed wetland. It is suggested Canna Indica plant is the most suitable option of wastewater disposal at household level.

scholarly journals Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and biofilter in polyethylene as an alternative of decentralized wastewater treatment in municipality of Rio Rufino – SC

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Diego Hoefling Souza ◽  
Aline Schroeder ◽  
Everton Skoronski
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biochemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge Blanket

Basic sanitation services are essential for promoting public health and for mitigating environmental damage. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate a wastewater treatment system consisting of anaerobic sludge blanket reactor and biofilter, as an alternative for the decentralized wastewater treatment in the municipality of Rio Rufino - Santa Catarina. The system was evaluated for its efficiency of removal of fecal coliforms, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, soluble chemical oxygen demand, phosphorus, Total Kjhedal Nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, sedimentable solids and maintenance of the hydrogen potential in the effluent. The treated effluent had its parameters compared to the standards established by Resolution 430/2011 of the Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente and Law 14.675 / 2009 of the State of Santa Catarina. It was also performed the estimate of the daily biochemical oxygen demand load, originated by the population of the municipality, and its respective impact. The effluent treated by the proposed system, when properly installed, follows what was established by the legislation, which implies in reducing the impacts caused by the municipality. In this way, the system can be an interesting alternative when it comes to decentralized wastewater treatment.

scholarly journals Water quality in watershed of the Jaboatão River (Pernambuco, Brazil): a case study

2003 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Donizetti Gonçalves de Souza ◽  
José Galizia Tundisi
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Total Phosphorus ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Management Information

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate anthropogenic influences on the water quality and to offer a subsidy to the establishment of water quality goals in the Jaboatão River Basin (Pernambuco State, Brazil). Eight sampling points were established and were sampled monthly during one hydrological cycle (March/98-February/99). The following variables were analyzed: temperature, pH, conductivity, chlorine, alkalinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, fecal coliforms, nitrate, total phosphorus and total solids. The most critical variables related to water quality objectives were dissolved oxygen, fecal coliforms and total phosphorus. Maps of land use, legally protected areas, area industries, and water withdrawals were utilized in order to propose division of the watershed into regions and to provide water quality management information.

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