scholarly journals Drought Stress and Livelihood Response Based on Evidence from the Koshi River Basin in Nepal: Modeling and Applications

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ran Zhu ◽  
Yiping Fang ◽  
Nilhari Neupane ◽  
Saroj Koirala ◽  
Chenjia Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Vulnerability Analysis ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Drought Vulnerability ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Koshi River Basin ◽  
The Government

Drought vulnerability analysis at the household level can help people identify livelihood constrains and potential mitigation and adaptation strategies. This study used meteorological and household level data which were collected from three different districts (Kavrepalanchowk, Sindhuli, and Saptari) in the Koshi River Basin of Nepal to conduct a drought vulnerability analysis. We developed a model for assessing drought vulnerability of rural households based on three critical components, i.e., exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. The results revealed that Saptari (drought vulnerability index, 0.053) showed greater vulnerability to drought disasters than Kavrepalanchowk (0.014) and Sindhuli (0.007). The most vulnerable district (Saptari) showed the highest exposure, the highest sensitivity, and the highest adaptive capacity. Kavrepalanchowk had the middle drought vulnerability index with middle exposure, low sensitivity, and middle adaptive capacity. Sindhuli had the lowest vulnerability with the lowest exposure, the lowest sensitivity, and the lowest adaptive capacity. On the basis of the results of the vulnerability assessment, this paper constructed livelihood adaptation strategies from the perspectives of households, communities, and the government. Many households in Kavrepalanchowk and Sindhuli significantly depend on agriculture as their main source of income. They need to implement some strategies to diversify their sources of income. In addition, the most important livelihood adaptation strategy for Saptari is improving water conservancy facilities to facilitate the allocation of water.

scholarly journals Assessing The Vulnerability Index Of Covid-19 Pandemic In India

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Netrananda Sahu ◽  
Martand Mani Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Vulnerability Assessment ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
The Government ◽  
Index Calculation

The coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak has created havoc all across the States and Union Territories (UTs) of India since its beginning on 30th January 2020. As of 1st January 2021, India has recorded 10,305,788 cases and 149,218 deaths from this deadly pandemic. It has been observed through the data; across states and UTs, the trend and pattern of this disease are not similar at all. There are many reasons for these dissimilarities which are categorized into indicators to assess the vulnerability in this study. We have examined vulnerabilities in 28 states and 8 UTs of India. Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) has been applied with certain modifications to calculate the Vulnerability Index (VI). The figure resulting from the vulnerability assessment corresponds that the factors involved in the three-section exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity had a significant impact on deciding the vulnerability of the population. The result identified the states and UTs which are more vulnerable and need more attention from the government and policymakers. The proposed method of study is unique in its sense as vulnerability index calculation is purely based on a secondary source of data and therefore has an expectation of a higher degree of practical application.

scholarly journals Analysing agricultural drought vulnerability at sub-district level through exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity based composite index

2014 ◽  
Vol XL-8 ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Murthy ◽  
B. Laxman ◽  
M. V. R. Sesha Sai ◽  
P. G. Diwakar
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Composite Index ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
The State ◽  
District Level ◽  
Agricultural Drought ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Drought Vulnerability ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Land Holdings

Information on agricultural drought vulnerability status of different regions is extremely useful for implementation of long term drought management measures. A quantitative approach for measuring agricultural drought vulnerability at sub-district level was developed and implemented in the current study, which was carried-out in Andhra Pradesh state, India with the data of main cropping season i.e., kharif. The contributing indicators represent exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity components of vulnerability and were drawn from weather, soil, crop, irrigation and land holdings related data. After performing data normalisation and variance based weights generation, component wise composite indices were generated. Agricultural Drought Vulnerability Index (ADVI) was generated using the three component indices and beta distribution was fitted to it. Mandals (sub-district level administrative units) of the state were categorised into 5 classes – Less vulnerable, Moderately vulnerable, Vulnerable, Highly vulnerable and Very highly vulnerable. Districts dominant with vulnerable Mandals showed considerably larger variability of detrended yields of principal crops compared to the other districts, thus validating the index based vulnerability status. Current status of agricultural drought vulnerability in the state, based on ADVI, indicated that vulnerable to very highly vulnerable group of Mandals represent 54 % of total Mandals and about 55 % of the agricultural area and 65 % of the rainfed crop area. The variability in the agricultural drought vulnerability at disaggregated level was effectively captured by ADVI. The vulnerability status map is useful for diagnostic analysis and for formulating vulnerability reduction plans.

Assessment of Local Adaptive Capacity of Mountain Farmers: A Way Forward for Sustainable Livelihood Development

2022 ◽  
pp. 101852912110697
Author(s):  
Rommila Chandra ◽  
V. P. Uniyal
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
National Park ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Wildlife Sanctuary ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Adaptive Capacity Index ◽  
The Government ◽  
Ecological Landscape ◽  
The Village ◽  
Economic Capacity

This study aims to understand the perception of mountain farmers towards the local adaptive capacity at a household level in an agro-ecological landscape. An indicator-based assessment is conducted to examine the 6 determinants and 27 indicators to give a local adaptive capacity index of the villages around Govind Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park, located in the Indian Himalayan region. The findings indicate that, though the connected and isolated villages have a low and very low adaptive capacity, respectively, the effect of various determinants on the local people varies among the village settlements, based on their socio-economic capacity. Despite the government endeavours to build the livelihood of mountain farmers through different programmes and policies, it still lacks proactive decision-making. The study suggests for an integrated assessment and sustainable enhancement of the landscape as a whole, with a focus on community-level adaptation strategies. It draws attention to the need for enhanced collaboration between research institutions, government and private sectors with the mountain community in the centre.

scholarly journals A Quantitative Analysis of Socio-Economic Determinants Influencing Crop Drought Vulnerability in Sub-Saharan Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahareh Kamali ◽  
Karim C. Abbaspour ◽  
Bernhard Wehrli ◽  
Hong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Drought Vulnerability ◽  
Economic Determinants ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Socio Economic Variables ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

Drought events have significant impacts on agricultural production in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), as agricultural production in most of the countries relies on precipitation. Socio-economic factors have a tremendous influence on whether a farmer or a nation can adapt to these climate stressors. This study aims to examine the extent to which these factors affect maize vulnerability to drought in SSA. To differentiate sensitive regions from resilient ones, we defined a crop drought vulnerability index (CDVI) calculated by comparing recorded yield with expected yield simulated by the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model during 1990–2012. We then assessed the relationship between CDVI and potential socio-economic variables using regression techniques and identified the influencing variables. The results show that the level of fertilizer use is a highly influential factor on vulnerability. Additionally, countries with higher food production index and better infrastructure are more resilient to drought. The role of the government effectiveness variable was less apparent across the SSA countries due to being generally stationary. Improving adaptations to drought through investing in infrastructure, improving fertilizer distribution, and fostering economic development would contribute to drought resilience.

scholarly journals Climate vulnerability scenario of the agri-fishery communities in the Bicol River Basin, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricky Laureta ◽  
Ric Ryan Regalado ◽  
Ermar De La Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
River Basin ◽  
National Level ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Rural Agriculture ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The North ◽  
Projected Changes

Abstract This paper investigated the vulnerability of the agriculture sector and rural agriculture livelihoods in the Bicol River Basin (BRB) of the Philippines to projected changes in climate. The geographical characteristics of the BRB feature eight major sub-basins or watersheds consisting of Libmanan-Pulantuna, Ragay Hills, Thiris, Naga-Yabo, Pawili River, Waras-Lalo, Naporog, and Quinali. The study applied the combination of the participatory tools and the Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) framework to gather information on local climate vulnerabilities and contexts. Briefly, the CRVA employed geospatial modeling and utilized a number of indicators that are presumed to affect vulnerability including exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity which were aggregated to provide an index of vulnerability. This enabled us to identify areas of exposure and vulnerability and pointed areas of greatest need for strengthened adaptive capacity and risk management. Our findings revealed that vulnerability in the BRB was perceived to be relatively prevalent and that typhoons, flooding, and drought were identified to contribute significant impacts to the rural livelihood. Furthermore, our findings in the CRVA suggested significant regional differences in vulnerability in the BRB. Majority of the towns in the north and central portions of the BRB will largely experience increased vulnerability, particularly, in the Thiris sub-basin including some parts of Ragay Hills, Waras-Lalo, and the northwestern Libmanan-Pulantuna sub-basins. On the contrary, the entire Quinali region on the south revealed to have the lowest vulnerability index. The clear policy implication of these accounts will be on how to mobilize developmental thrusts in both areas of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation at the sub-national level to reinforce local-based climate priority setting in adaptation interventions and policies.

Harmonising CSR and Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies to Build Community Adaptive Capacity in Bali's Tourism Sector

2016 ◽  
pp. 247-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Putu Indah Rahmawati ◽  
Terry DeLacy ◽  
Min Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Tourism Sector ◽  
Climate Change Risks ◽  
Tackle Climate Change ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation Strategies

Building community adaptive capacity to tackle climate change risks in the tourism sector is challenging. It is limited by poverty, poor communication and knowledge, low levels of institutional capacity and a lack of support from government or tourism authorities. Using Bali as a case study, this chapter aims to demonstrate how tourism businesses could implement mitigation and adaptation strategies through their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) initiatives, as well as help host communities to enhance their capacity to tackle climate change risks. In-depth interviews, focus group discussion (FGD), and observations were used to collect data. The findings of this study indicate that the CSR of tourism industries could enhance community adaptive capacity to climate change through environmental, economic and social responsibility. It is also concluded that the tourism industry's CSR initiatives can play an importance role in empowering communities to tackle environmental challenges.

scholarly journals Climate vulnerability scenario of the agricultural sector in the Bicol 2 River Basin, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricky Laureta ◽  
Ric Ryan Regalado ◽  
Ermar De La Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
National Level ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Rural Agriculture ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Projected Changes

Abstract This paper investigated the vulnerability of the agriculture sector and rural agriculture livelihoods in the Bicol River Basin (BRB) of the Philippines to projected changes in climate. The geographical characteristics of the BRB feature eight major sub-basins or watersheds consisting of Libmanan-Pulantuna, Ragay Hills, Thiris, Naga-Yabo, Pawili River, Waras-Lalo, Naporog, and Quinali. The study applied the combination of the participatory tools and the Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) framework to gather information on local climate vulnerabilities and contexts. Briefly, the CRVA employed geospatial modeling and utilized several indicators which are presumed to affect vulnerability including exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity which were aggregated to provide an index of vulnerability. This enabled us to identify areas of exposure and vulnerability and pointed areas of greatest need for strengthened adaptive capacity and risk management. Our findings revealed that vulnerability in the BRB was perceived to be relatively prevalent and that typhoons, flooding, and drought were identified to contribute significant impacts to rural livelihood. Furthermore, our findings in the CRVA suggested significant regional differences in vulnerability in the BRB. The majority of the towns in the central and northwestern portions of the BRB will largely experience increased vulnerability, particularly, in the Thiris sub-basin including some parts of Ragay Hills, Waras-Lalo, and the northwestern Libmanan-Pulantuna sub-basins. On the contrary, the entire Quinali region on the south is revealed to have the lowest vulnerability index. The clear policy implication of these accounts will be on how to mobilize developmental thrusts in both areas of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation at the sub-national level to reinforce local-based climate priority setting in adaptation interventions and policies.

scholarly journals Climate Vulnerability in Rainfed Farming: Analysis from Indian Watersheds

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 3357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Sathyan ◽  
Christoph Funk ◽  
Thomas Aenis ◽  
Lutz Breuer
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Stakeholder Participation ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Rainfed Farming ◽  
Climate Vulnerability ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

India ranks first among the rainfed agricultural countries in the world. The impact of changing climate threatens rainfed food production as well as the food security of millions of people in the tropics and subtropics. The Government of India initiated Watershed Development Programmes (WDPs) for the overall development of these areas. We, therefore, established a comprehensive, location-specific, bottom-up tool to analyse and compare the climate vulnerability of watershed areas. For this, we deducted a new Climate Vulnerability Index for Rainfed Tropics (CVIRFT) to evaluate the potential effectiveness of programmes to adapt to climate change impacts. The CVIRFT comprises of three dimensions of vulnerability, i.e., adaptive capacity, exposure and sensitivity. These dimensions consist of ten major components and 59 indicators with emphasis on rainfed farming and WDP interventions. To test the tool, we collected primary data through household surveys (n = 215, split among three watershed communities) in Kerala. We show that there were strong variations in the exposure dimension, moderate in sensitivity and negligible in adaptive capacity across the watersheds. After analysing the major components under the dimensions, we suggest focusing on policy orientation towards redesigning of the WDPs with emphasis to economic diversification, livelihood strategies, social networking coupled with stakeholder participation, natural resource management and risk spread through credit and insurance flexibility. The CVIRFT is replicable to similar physio-geographic areas of rainfed farming, with the refinement of indicators suited to the locality.

scholarly journals Climate vulnerability scenario of the agri-fishery communities in the Bicol River Basin, Philippines

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricky Laureta ◽  
Ric Ryan Regalado ◽  
Ermar De La Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Ecological Model ◽  
Climate Scenario ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
The North ◽  
Projected Changes ◽  
Key Aspects

Abstract This paper investigated the vulnerability of the agriculture sector and rural agri-fishery livelihoods in the Bicol River Basin (BRB) in the Philippines to projected changes in climate. The geographical characteristics of the BRB features eight major sub-basins or watersheds consisting of Libmanan-Pulantuna, Ragay Hills, Thiris, Naga-Yabo, Pawili River, Waras-Lalo, Naporog, and Quinali. The study adopted the Climate Risk Vulnerability Assessment (CRVA) which employed geospatial modelling through the use of geographic information systems (GIS) data, briefly, a number of indicators which are presumed to affect vulnerability were used including exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity which were aggregated to provide an index of vulnerability. These components were integrated and modelled using GIS by identifying exposure to natural hazards, assessing the sensitivity of major crops to climate variations using ecological model (MaxEnt) under high emission climate scenario (RCP8.5), and identifying key aspects of adaptive capacity. Additionally, we also analyzed the perception of stakeholders towards vulnerability using participatory approaches. This enabled us to identify areas of exposure and vulnerability, and pointed areas of greatest need for strengthened adaptive capacity and risk management. Our findings suggested that majority of the towns in the north and central portions of the BRB will largely experience increased vulnerability, particularly, in the Thiris sub-basin including some parts of Ragay Hills, Waras-Lalo and the northwestern Libmanan-Pulantuna sub-basins. On the contrary, the entire Quinali sub-basin in the south revealed to have the lowest vulnerability index. The information derived from the study can be utilized to reinforce local-based climate policies.

scholarly journals Climate Change and Its Impacts on Farmer’s Livelihood in Different Physiographic Regions of the Trans-Boundary Koshi River Basin, Central Himalayas

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 7142
Author(s):  
Basanta Paudel ◽  
Zhaofeng Wang ◽  
Yili Zhang ◽  
Mohan Kumar Rai ◽  
Pranesh Kumar Paul
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
Climatic Trends ◽  
Koshi River Basin ◽  
Physiographic Regions ◽  
The Impact

The impact of climate change on farmers’ livelihoods has been observed in various forms at the local and regional scales. It is well known that the Himalayas region is affected by climate change, as reflected in the basic knowledge of farmers in the region. A questionnaire-based survey involving a total of 747 households was conducted to gather information on climate change and its impact, where the survey addressed four physiographic regions of the trans-boundary Koshi River Basin (KRB). Moreover, climatic data were used to calculate climatic trends between 1980 and 2018. The Mann–Kendall trend test was performed and the Sen’s slope calculated to analyze the inter-annual climatic trends over time. The survey noted that, for the basin, there was an increase in temperature, climate-induced diseases of crops, an increase in the frequency of pests as well as drought and floods and a decrease in rainfall, all which are strong indicators of climate change. It was perceived that these indicators had adverse impacts on crop production (89.4%), human health (82.5%), livestock (68.7%) and vegetation (52.1%). The observed climatic trends for all the physiographic regions included an increasing temperature trend and a decreasing rainfall trend. The rate of change varied according to each region, hence strongly supporting the farmers’ local knowledge of climate change. The highest increasing trend of temperature noted in the hill region at 0.0975 °C/a (p = 0.0002) and sharpest decreasing trend of rainfall in the mountain region by −10.424 mm/a (p = 0.016) between 1980 and 2018. Formulation of suitable adaptation strategies according to physiographic region can minimize the impact of climate change. New adaptation strategies proposed include the introduction of infrastructure for irrigation systems, the development of crop seeds that are more tolerant to drought, pests and disease tolerance, and the construction of local hospitals for the benefit of farming communities.

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