scholarly journals Contamination of Surface Water and River Sediments by Antibiotic and Antiretroviral Drug Cocktails in Low and Middle-Income Countries: Occurrence, Risk and Mitigation Strategies

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pius Kairigo ◽  
Elijah Ngumba ◽  
Lotta-Riina Sundberg ◽  
Anthony Gachanja ◽  
Tuula Tuhkanen
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
River Sediments ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Antiretroviral Drugs ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Wwtp Effluent

Presence of antimicrobial cocktails in the hydrological cycles is of interest because of their potential to mediate antimicrobial resistance within the natural environment. In this study, we determined the concentrations of selected antibiotics and antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, effluent suspended particulate matter (SPM), surface waters and river sediments in Kenya in order to determine the extent of pollution within the sampled environment. Target analysis for the most common antibiotics and ARVDs was done. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX), ciprofloxacin (CIP), trimethoprim (TMP), norfloxacin (NOR), zidovidine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC) and nevirapine (NVP) were analyzed using LC-ESI-MS/MS. Effluent aqueous phase had concentrations ranging between 1.2 µg L−1 to 956.4 µg L−1 while the effluent SPM showed higher concentrations, ranging between 2.19 mg Kg−1 and 82.26 mg Kg−1. This study shows emission of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from WWTP to the environment mainly occurs via the SPM phase, which is usually overlooked in environmental analyses. Concentrations in surface waters and river sediments ranged between 1.1 µg L−1 to 228 µg L−1 and 11 µg Kg−1 to 4125 µg Kg−1 respectively. ARVDs occurred at consistently higher concentrations than antibiotics in both the aqueous and solid samples. The wastewater treatment plants and lagoons where sludge degradation should occur, are sources of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) including transformational products, nutrients and organic matter that are released back to the aqueous phase.

scholarly journals Effect of sewage sludge type on the partitioning behaviour of pharmaceuticals: a meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Berthod ◽  
G. Roberts ◽  
A. Sharpe ◽  
D. C. Whitley ◽  
R. Greenwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Environmental Regulation ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients

Understanding the partitioning behaviour of active pharmaceutical ingredients between sludge and aqueous phases in wastewater treatment plants is important for environmental regulation.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Diversities of Astroviruses and Noroviruses in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents by a High-Throughput Sequencing Method

2015 ◽  
Vol 81 (20) ◽  
pp. 7215-7222 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Prevost ◽  
F. S. Lucas ◽  
K. Ambert-Balay ◽  
P. Pothier ◽  
L. Moulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Clinical Data ◽  
High Throughput ◽  
Human Population ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Viral Diversity ◽  
Wwtp Effluent ◽  
Human Astroviruses

ABSTRACTAlthough clinical epidemiology lists human enteric viruses to be among the primary causes of acute gastroenteritis in the human population, their circulation in the environment remains poorly investigated. These viruses are excreted by the human population into sewers and may be released into rivers through the effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In order to evaluate the viral diversity and loads in WWTP effluents of the Paris, France, urban area, which includes about 9 million inhabitants (approximately 15% of the French population), the seasonal occurrence of astroviruses and noroviruses in 100 WWTP effluent samples was investigated over 1 year. The coupling of these measurements with a high-throughput sequencing approach allowed the specific estimation of the diversity of human astroviruses (human astrovirus genotype 1 [HAstV-1], HAstV-2, HAstV-5, and HAstV-6), 7 genotypes of noroviruses (NoVs) of genogroup I (NoV GI.1 to NoV GI.6 and NoV GI.8), and 16 genotypes of NoVs of genogroup II (NoV GII.1 to NoV GII.7, NoV GII.9, NoV GII.12 to NoV GII.17, NoV GII.20, and NoV GII.21) in effluent samples. Comparison of the viral diversity in WWTP effluents to the viral diversity found by analysis of clinical data obtained throughout France underlined the consistency between the identified genotypes. However, some genotypes were locally present in effluents and were not found in the analysis of the clinical data. These findings could highlight an underestimation of the diversity of enteric viruses circulating in the human population. Consequently, analysis of WWTP effluents could allow the exploration of viral diversity not only in environmental waters but also in a human population linked to a sewerage network in order to better comprehend viral epidemiology and to forecast seasonal outbreaks.

scholarly journals Chemometric Assessment of Bulgarian Wastewater Treatment Plants’ Effluents

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4408
Author(s):  
Galina Yotova ◽  
Tony Venelinov ◽  
Stefan Tsakovski
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Multivariate Curve Resolution ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Wwtp Effluent

Surface water quality strongly depends on anthropogenic activity. Among the main anthropogenic sources of this activity are the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. The discharged loads of nutrients and suspended solids could provoke serious problems for receiving water bodies and significantly alter the surface water quality. This study presents inventory analysis and chemometric assessment of WWTP effluents based on the mandatory monitoring data. The comparison between the Bulgarian WWTPs and previously reported data from other countries reveals that discharged loads from investigated WWTPs are lower. This is particularly valid for total suspended solids (TSS). The low TSS loads are the reason for the deviations of the typical calculated WWTP effluent ratios of Bulgarian WWTPs compared to the WWTPs worldwide. The performed multivariate analysis reveals the hidden factors that determine the content of WWTP effluents. The source apportioning based on multivariate curve resolution analysis provides detailed information for source contribution profiles of the investigated WWTP effluent loads and elucidate the difference between WWTPs included in this study.

scholarly journals Quantitative Detection of Human Adenoviruses in Wastewater and Combined Sewer Overflows Influencing a Michigan River

2009 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 715-723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theng-Theng Fong ◽  
Mantha S. Phanikumar ◽  
Irene Xagoraraki ◽  
Joan B. Rose
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Combined Sewer

ABSTRACT Enteric viruses are important pathogens found in contaminated surface waters and have previously been detected in waters of the Great Lakes. Human adenoviruses were monitored because of their high prevalence and persistence in aquatic environments. In this study, we quantified adenoviruses in wastewater, surface water, and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) by real-time PCR. Between August 2005 and August 2006, adenovirus concentrations in raw sewage, primary-treated effluent, secondary-treated effluent, and chlorinated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant in Michigan were examined. CSO samples (n = 6) were collected from a CSO retention basin in Grand Rapids, MI. Adenoviruses were detected in 100% of wastewater and CSO discharge samples. Average adenovirus DNA concentrations in sewage and CSOs were 1.15 × 106 viruses/liter and 5.35 × 105 viruses/liter, respectively. Adenovirus removal was <2 log10 (99%) at the wastewater treatment plant. Adenovirus type 41 (60% of clones), type 12 (29%), type 40 (3%), type 2 (3%), and type 3 (3%) were isolated from raw sewage and primary effluents (n = 28). Six of 20 surface water samples from recreational parks at the lower Grand River showed virus concentrations above the real-time PCR detection limit (average, 7.8 × 103 viruses/liter). This research demonstrates that wastewater effluents and wastewater-impacted surface waters in the lower Grand River in Michigan contain high levels of viruses and may not be suitable for full-body recreational activities. High concentrations of adenovirus in these waters may be due to inefficient removal during wastewater treatment and to the high persistence of these viruses in the environment.

Fate of phthalate esters in municipal wastewater treatment plant and their environmental impact

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 1395-1400
Author(s):  
Minghao Kong ◽  
Yonghui Song ◽  
Yizhang Zhang ◽  
Ruixia Liu ◽  
Jian Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Phthalate Esters ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Wwtp Effluent ◽  
Receiving River

The fate and distribution of six phthalate esters (PAEs) in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) employing an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A2/O) process were investigated. The process achieved relatively high removal efficiencies of PAEs in the range 55–97%. It illustrated that biotransformation and sludge-adsorption were major elimination pathways by analyzing the mass balance and flux of PAEs. About 83% of ∑PAEs was entirely removed by A2/O bioreactors indicating biotransformation is the dominant removal mechanism. PAEs with shorter alkyl chain length and higher water solubility were more biodegradable. Less than 6% of ∑PAEs were removed by excess sludge adsorption. The sludge-adsorption capacity of PAE depends on its hydrophobicity. The levels and fluxes of PAEs were analyzed by monitoring different sites of the receiving river of the WWTP effluent to clarify the potential impact of discharge. Daily flux of PAEs upstream and downstream of the discharging point were 113 kg·d−1 and 205 kg·d−1, respectively, which were higher than the effluent devotion value of 6.67 kg·d−1. It suggested that the emissions from the WWTP appeared to be less than those from the other possible sources, such as potential untreated discharge and surface runoff. Improvement of wastewater collection efficiencies is necessary to eliminate the PAE load in the urban river.

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