scholarly journals Assessing Redundancy in Stormwater Structures Under Hydraulic Design

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Hesarkazzazi ◽  
Mohsen Hajibabaei ◽  
Julian David Reyes-Silva ◽  
Peter Krebs ◽  
Robert Sitzenfrei
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Flow Direction ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Flow Paths ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Hydraulic Design

As environmental change is happening at an unprecedented pace, a reliable and proper urban drainage design is required to alleviate the negative effects of unexpected extreme rainfall events occurring due to the natural and anthropogenic variations such as climate change and urbanization. Since structure/configuration of a stormwater network plays an imperative role in the design and hydraulic behavior of the system, the goal of this paper is to elaborate upon the significance of possessing redundancy (e.g., alternative flow paths as in loops) under simultaneous hydraulic design in stormwater pipe networks. In this work, an innovative approach based on complex network properties is introduced to systematically and successively reduce the number of loops and, therefore, the level of redundancy, from a given grid-like (street) network. A methodology based on hydrodynamic modelling is utilized to find the optimal design costs for all created structures while satisfying a number of hydraulic design constraints. As a general implication, when structures are subject to extreme precipitation events, the overall capability of looped configurations for discharging runoff more efficiently is higher compared to more branched ones. The reason is due to prevailing (additional) storage volume in the system and existing more alternative water flow paths in looped structures, as opposed to the branched ones in which only unique pathways for discharging peak runoff exist. However, the question arises where to best introduce extra paths in the network? By systematically addressing this question with complex network analysis, the influence of downstream loops was identified to be more significant than that of upstream loops. Findings, additionally, indicated that possessing loop and introducing extra capacity without determining appropriate additional pipes positions in the system (flow direction) can even exacerbate the efficiency of water discharge. Considering a reasonable and cost-effective budget, it would, therefore, be worthwhile to install loop-tree-integrated stormwater collection systems with additional pipes at specific locations, especially downstream, to boost the hydraulic reliability and minimize the damage imposed by the surface flooding upon the metropolitan area.

scholarly journals Regional Flood Forecasting using SWMM for Urban Catchment

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 1027-1031
Keyword(s):  
Flow Direction ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Storm Water Management Model ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Elevation Data ◽  
Urban Designing

Urban flooding is the inundation of land or property in a designed atmosphere, significantly in additional densely inhabited areas, caused by precipitation overwhelming the capability of drain systems, like storm sewers. Due to expeditious increment and improper urban designing the probabilities of creek, localized or flash urban floods have drastically multiplied. This study explores the application of Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to densely populated area of Vijayawada city, which is fragmented into 58 sub-catchments. The study area is delineated in SWMM by the assistance of blueprint AutoCAD maps showing drainage network and Reference Level details. From this elaborated elevation data of drain networks, the flow direction has been evaluated to create the descriptive view of the area in SWMM. In this study area 2016, 2017 and 2018 extreme rainfall events of 24 hrs interval is considered for runoff analysis. The focus of the current wok is to model runoff conditions by applying Dynamic wave equation for routing floods and Green-Ampt equation for infiltration in SWMM. The model outputs guided in visualizing the runoff from extreme precipitation events and to analyze the accuracy of the storm water network system.

scholarly journals Coastal flood risk within a peri-urban area: SUSSEX Inlet district, SE Australia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. F. Asbridge ◽  
D. Low Choy ◽  
B. Mackey ◽  
S. Serrao-Neumann ◽  
P. Taygfeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Hazard Exposure ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Planning Strategies ◽  
Natural Resource Managers

AbstractThe peri-urban interface (PUI) exhibits characteristic qualities of both urban and rural regions, and this complexity has meant that risk assessments and long-term planning for PUI are lagging, despite these areas representing new developing settlement frontiers. This study aims to address this knowledge gap by modifying an existing approach to quantify and assess flood risk. The risk triangle framework was used to map exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables; however, in a novel application, the risk triangle framework was adapted by presuming that there is a variation in the degree of exposure, vulnerability and biophysical variables. Within Australia and globally, PUIs are often coastal, and flood risk associated with rainfall and coastal inundation poses considerable risk to communities in the PUI; these risks will be further exacerbated should projections of increasing frequency of extreme rainfall events and accelerating sea-level rise eventuate. An indicator-based approach using the risk triangle framework that maps flood hazard, exposure and vulnerability was used to integrate the biophysical and socio-economic flooding risk for communities in PUI of the St Georges Basin and Sussex Inlet catchments of south-eastern Australia. Integrating the flood risk triangle with future scenarios of demographic and climate change, and considering factors that contribute to PUI flood risk, facilitated the identification of planning strategies that would reduce the future rate of increase in flood risk. These planning strategies are useful for natural resource managers and land use planners across Australia and globally, who are tasked with balancing socio-economic prosperity for a changing population, whilst maintaining and enhancing ecosystem services and values. The indicator-based approach used in this study provides a cost-effective first-pass risk assessment and is a valuable tool for decision makers planning for flood risk across PUIs in NSW and globally.

Testing the impacts of wildfire on hydrological and sediment response using the OpenLISEM model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinfeng Wu ◽  
João Pedro Nunes ◽  
Jantiene E. M. Baartman
Keyword(s):  
Water Discharge ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Fire Occurrence ◽  
Return Periods ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Erosion Risk ◽  
Sediment Yields ◽  
Splash Erosion ◽  
Event Based

<p>Wildfires have become a major concern to society in recent decades because increases in the number and severity of wildfires have negative effects on soil and water resources, especially in headwater areas. Models are typically applied to estimate the potential adverse effects of fire. However, few modeling studies have been conducted for meso-scale catchments, and only a fraction of these studies include transport and deposition of eroded material within the catchment or represent spatial erosion patterns. In this study, we firstly designed the procedure of event-based automatic calibration using PEST, parameters ensemble, and jack-knife cross-validation that is suitable for event-based OpenLISEM calibration and validation, especially in data-scarce burned areas. The calibrated and validated OpenLISEM proved capable of providing reasonable accurate predictions of hydrological responses and sediment yields in this burned catchment. Then the model was applied with design storms of six different return periods (0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 10 years) to simulate and evaluate pre- and post-wildfire hydrological and erosion responses at the catchment scale. Our results show rainfall amount and intensity play a more important role than fire occurrence in the catchment water discharge and sediment yields, while fire occurrence is regarded as an important factor for peak water discharge, indicating that high post-fire hydro-sedimentary responses are frequently related to extreme rainfall events. The results also suggest a partial shift from flow to splash erosion after fire, especially for higher return periods, explained by a combination of higher splash erosion in burnt upstream areas with a limited sediment transport capacity of surface runoff, preventing flow erosion in downstream areas. In consequence, the pre-fire erosion risk in the croplands of this catchment is partly shifted to a post-fire erosion risk in upper slope forest and natural areas, especially for storms with lower return periods, although erosion risks in croplands are important both before and after fires. This is relevant, as a shift of sediment sources to burnt areas might lead to downstream contamination even if sediment yields remain small. These findings have significant implications to identify areas for post-wildfire stabilization and rehabilitation, which is particularly important given the predicted increase in the occurrence of fires and extreme rainfall events with climate change.</p>

scholarly journals Anecic earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) alleviate negative effects of extreme rainfall events on soil and plants in field mesocosms

2015 ◽  
Vol 397 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter S. Andriuzzi ◽  
Mirjam M. Pulleman ◽  
Olaf Schmidt ◽  
Jack H. Faber ◽  
Lijbert Brussaard
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Lumbricus Terrestris ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events

scholarly journals Extreme precipitation events in the Forest Promotion Complex of Silesian Beskid

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27
Author(s):  
Grzegorz B. Durło ◽  
Stanisław Małek ◽  
Jarosław Socha
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Subalpine Region

Abstract An increase in frequency of weather phenomena in the Western Beskids that are disadvantageous for natural environment caused an upset of ecologic balance, especially within the scope of water management and retention. Concerns referring to forest groups maintaining their stability are fully justified, regarding that in many areas of the Beskids, there is an intensive reconstruction of stands of trees in the lower subalpine region. In turn, young generations of trees are continuously stresses, which arise from periodic shortages of precipitation within the course of the whole vegetation process. The presented work encompasses characteristics of extreme rainfall events that might have a negative impact on growth and development of Norway spruce stands in the Silesian Beskid in recent decades. The article makes use of meteorological data from a multiannual period (1951–2010), gathered in 26 meteorological stations of the Polish Institute of Meteorology and Water Management (IMGW) in Silesian Beskid one station located in the Carpathian regional gene bank and two under canopy posts located in Wisła forestry inspectorate area. Special attention was devoted to the presence of extreme phenomena and their repeatability. The analysis of parameters of rainfall sequences was complemented with indexes determining ecological requirements of spruce, such as: Schmuck moisture indicator, Vogel-Daniels habitat dryness index and abundance of rainfall indicator developed in this study. Results of climatological analysis confirmed that weather phenomena with, especially dynamic course may lead to destabilisation of even a properly formed and adequately developed forest ecosystem, and as a consequence, disturb stability in the natural environment. Diminishment of the index of precipitation size, which has been observed in recent years, may be one of the most crucial causes that limit the number of spruces in the stands of trees of the lower subalpine region in Silesian Beskid. The climatological analysis confirmed that during 60 years in Silesian Beskid, there were over 20 extreme weather (precipitation) episodes of different courses, intensity and surface reach, out of which at least 9 played a key role in lowering the health condition of the trees, as a consequence, it influenced destabilisation of the spruce stands in the lower subalpine region, regardless of their age or location within the area.

The terraces of Petra, Jordan: archives of a lost agricultural hinterland

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupert Bäumler ◽  
Bernhard Lucke ◽  
Jago Birk ◽  
Patrick Keilholz ◽  
Christopher O. Hunt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Flash Floods ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Islamic Period ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Limited Degree ◽  
Agricultural Use

<p>Petra is hidden in rugged arid mountains prone to flash floods, while the dry climate and barren landscape seem hostile to cultivation. Nevertheless, there are countless remains of terraces of so far unknown purpose. We investigated three well-preserved terraces at Jabal Haroun to the south-west of Petra which seemed representative for the diverse geology and types of terraces. A hydrological model shows that the terraces were effective at both control of runoff and collection of water and sediments: they minimized flash floods and allowed for an agricultural use. However, rare extreme rainfall events could only be controlled to a limited degree, and drought years without floods caused crop failures. Pollen and phytoliths in the sediments attest to the past presence of well-watered fields including reservoirs storing collected runoff, which suggest a sophisticated irrigation system. In addition, faeces biomarkers and plant-available phosphorus indicate planned manuring. Ancient land use as documented by the terraces created a green oasis in the desert. They seem to represent Petra's agricultural hinterland, which was lost during the Islamic period due growing aridity and an increased frequency of devastating extreme precipitation events. The heirs of the Nabateans reverted to their original Bedouin subsistence strategies but continue to opportunistically cultivate terrace remains.</p>

scholarly journals Long-Term Temporal Variation of Extreme Rainfall Events in Australia: 1910–2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 950-965 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guobin Fu ◽  
Neil R. Viney ◽  
Stephen P. Charles ◽  
Jianrong Liu
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Recurrence Interval ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events

Abstract The temporal variability of the frequency of short-duration extreme precipitation events in Australia for the period 1910–2006 is examined using the high-quality rainfall dataset identified by the Bureau of Meteorology, Australia, for 189 stations. Extreme events are defined by duration and recurrence interval: 1, 5, 10, and 30 days, and 1, 5, and 20 yr, respectively. The results indicate that temporal variations of the extreme precipitation index (EPI) for various durations and recurrence intervals in the last 100 yr, except for the low frequencies before 1918, have experienced three U-shaped cycles: 1918–53, 1953–74, and 1974–2006. Seasonal results indicate that about two-thirds of 1-day, 1-yr recurrence interval extreme events occur from December to March. Time series of anomalies of the regional EPIs for four regions indicate that northeast Australia and southeast Australia have almost the same temporal variation as the national anomalies, South Australia experienced a negative anomaly of extreme rainfall events in the mid-1950s, and southwest Western Australia (SWWA) experienced relatively small temporal variation. The relationships between extreme rainfall events and the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) and the interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) indicate that extreme rainfall events in Australia have a strong relationship with both, especially during La Niña years and after 1942.

scholarly journals Topology and seasonal evolution of the network of extreme precipitation over the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Stolbova ◽  
P. Martin ◽  
B. Bookhagen ◽  
N. Marwan ◽  
J. Kurths
Keyword(s):  
Complex Network ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Eastern Ghats ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Post Monsoon

Abstract. This paper employs a complex network approach to determine the topology and evolution of the network of extreme precipitation that governs the organization of extreme rainfall before, during, and after the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) season. We construct networks of extreme rainfall events during the ISM (June–September), post-monsoon (October–December), and pre-monsoon (March–May) periods from satellite-derived (Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission, TRMM) and rain-gauge interpolated (Asian Precipitation Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards the Evaluation of Water Resources, APHRODITE) data sets. The structure of the networks is determined by the level of synchronization of extreme rainfall events between different grid cells throughout the Indian subcontinent. Through the analysis of various complex-network metrics, we describe typical repetitive patterns in North Pakistan (NP), the Eastern Ghats (EG), and the Tibetan Plateau (TP). These patterns appear during the pre-monsoon season, evolve during the ISM, and disappear during the post-monsoon season. These are important meteorological features that need further attention and that may be useful in ISM timing and strength prediction.

On the subseasonal clustering of European extreme precipitation events and its relationship to large-scale atmospheric drivers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannick Barton ◽  
Pauline Rivoire ◽  
Jérôme Kopp ◽  
S. Mubashshir Ali ◽  
Olivia Martius
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Baseline Rate ◽  
Temporal Clustering ◽  
Extreme Precipitation Events ◽  
Western Spain ◽  
Precipitation Events

<p>Extreme precipitation events that occur in close succession can have important societal and economic repercussions. Few studies have investigated the link between large-scale atmospheric drivers and temporal clustering of extreme precipitation events on a subseasonal scale, i.e. 20-day time scale. Here we use 40 years of reanalysis data (ERA-5) to investigate the link between possibly influential atmospheric variables and the temporal clustering of catchment-averaged extreme rainfall events in Europe. We define extreme events as exceedances above the 99th percentile and runs of consecutive days are declustered. We then explicitly model the seasonal rate of extreme occurrences using penalized cubic splines. The smoothed seasonal rate of extremes is then used to (i) infer the significance of subseasonal clustering and (ii) serves as the baseline rate for the subsequent modelling step. We use a Poisson generalized linear model with the baseline rate set as an offset to model the relationship between the temporal clustering and predictor variables. These variables are the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO), atmospheric blocks, and a measure of the recurrence of synoptic-scale Rossby wave packets (RRWPs).</p><p>Initial results from four carefully selected catchments reveal the following patterns: for south-western Spain, the NAO, and AO indices tend to be notably lower on significantly clustered extreme rainfall days, whereas for northern Scotland the opposite effect is observed. Also, for south-western Spain, the Greenland atmospheric blocking frequency is significantly enhanced on clustering days. Last, on clustering days in north-western France, Scandinavian blocks are significantly more frequent.</p><p>For a complementary study on a methodology to identify subseasonal clustering episodes of extreme precipitation events and their contribution to large accumulations please refer to Kopp et al.</p>

scholarly journals Finding Cost-Effective Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation in Bergen Using Extensive Climate, Economic and Spatial Data

10.29007/p6x3 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clemens Strehl ◽  
Erle Kristvik ◽  
Juliane Koti
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Spatial Data ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Green Roofs ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Combined Sewer Overflows ◽  
Extreme Rainfall Events ◽  
Rainfall Events

The adaptation of urban water systems to climate change is a complex management challenge. Especially urban drainage systems and their adaptation to growing climate change dynamics, like increasing variations in terms of intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall events, calls for novel adaptation approaches. Growing data availability opens the chance to find suitable cost-effective solutions to tackle climate change risks. In the Damsgård area in Bergen, combined sewer overflows discharge in the fjord during extreme rainfall events. Within the European project BINGO, an evaluation of alternative ways to reduce this environmental pressure is being conducted, using extensive climate, economic and spatial data. The analysis is going to compare different combinations of green infrastructure from the field of water sensitive urban design, like green roofs, ditches and swales. These combinations are furthermore compared with an innovative approach: using the slope of roads as emergency flood water ways.

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