scholarly journals An Engineering Perspective of Water Sharing Issues in Pakistan

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Tariq ◽  
Nick van de Giesen ◽  
Shahmir Janjua ◽  
Muhammad Shahid ◽  
Rashid Farooq
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Allocation Policy ◽  
Water Sharing ◽  
Water Treaty

Water sharing within the states/provinces of a country and cross-border is unavoidable. Conflicts between the sharing entities might turn more severe due to additional dependency on water, growing population, and reduced availability as a result of climate change at many locations. Pakistan, being an agricultural country, is severely water stressed and heading toward a worsening situation in the near future. Pakistan is heading toward water scarcity as water availability in the Indus basin is becoming critical. Being a downstream riparian of India and Afghanistan in the Indus basin, water availability depends on the releases of water from both countries. The Indus Water Treaty is governing the water distribution rights between India and Pakistan. However, there exists no proper agreement between Pakistan and Afghanistan and the construction of new dams on the Kabul River is another threat to water availability to Pakistan. Correct implementation of the Indus Water Treaty with India is required, together with an effective agreement with Afghanistan about the water sharing. In addition to water shortage, poor management of water resources, inequitable sharing of water, lack of a systematic approach, old-fashioned irrigation practices, and growing agricultural products with large water footprints are all exacerbating the problem. The water shortage is now increasingly countered by the use of groundwater. This sudden high extraction of groundwater is causing depletion of the groundwater table and groundwater quality issues. This water shortage is exacerbating the provincial conflicts over water, such as those between Punjab and Sindh provinces. At one end, a uniform nationwide water allocation policy is required. At the same time, modern irrigation techniques and low-water-footprint agricultural products should be promoted. A fair water-pricing mechanism of surface water and groundwater could be an effective measure, whereas a strict policy on groundwater usage is equally important. Political will and determination to address the water issues are required. The solutions must be based on transparency and equity, by using engineering approaches, combined with comprehensive social support. To develop a comprehensive water strategy, a dedicated technopolitical institute to strengthen the capabilities of nationwide expertise and address the issues on a regular basis is required to overcome the complex and multidimensional water-related problems of the country.

scholarly journals Optimization of irrigation water use to increase the benefit of agricultural products

2018 ◽  
Vol 159 ◽  
pp. 01026
Author(s):  
Edy Anto Soentoro ◽  
Erlangga Perwira ◽  
Yadi Suryadi ◽  
Winskayati
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Irrigation Water Use ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Planting Method

Shortage of irrigation water supply in dry season prevents many farmers from growing their crops, and the annual benefit from agricultural products will decrease as much as the area of irrigation fields which have lack of water. The objective of this study is to determine the maximum benefit from agricultural products based on water availability, by determining the appropriate cropping pattern and maximum planting areas through linear programming. The case-study location is at Leuwi Kuya Irrigation Region. Planting schedule is selected based on minimum water shortage from simulation of 6 alternative planting schedules. Then, the best pattern of cropping (planting method and the total area) is determined using linear programming. Optimization is carried out in 3 scenarios with various planting methods (conventional and SRI), minimum irrigation water demand (class-area system), and schedule for beginning of the 3-growing seasons annually. Result of this study is the optimal area of the irrigated region that can be planted based on the water availability. The maximum benefit is 89 billion rupiahs, using SRI planting method and distribution of three groups of irrigation fields in water supply schedule.

scholarly journals Indus Water Treaty: Threats of Abrogation, Plans for Revision and Prospects of Survivability

2017 ◽  
Vol II (I) ◽  
pp. 375-388
Author(s):  
Manzoor Ahmad ◽  
Naveeda Yousaf ◽  
Muhammad Zubair
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Water Security ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Indus Basin ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
Water Treaty ◽  
Water Issues

Indus Basin Treaty which was brokered by the World Bank for resolving water issues between Pakistan and India. Despite persistent hostilities and wars between the two arch-rivals, the treaty has functioned well and is still crucial for Pakistans water security and peace of the region. However, owing to increasing tension of water shortage in both Pakistan and India strains arise over the treaty. Growing Pakistani demands for water and sustained Indian construction of hydropower projects, as well as other dams on western rivers, have raised threats regarding the survivability of the treaty. Presently the treaty has come under intense threats after Uri attacks. Due to this incident some Indian commentators recommended abrogation, while some circles proposed revision of the treaty. However, questions arise whether revision of the treaty suit Pakistans interests? Will the treaty survive in the face of current crisis? What is Pakistans current stand on the issue?

scholarly journals Assessment of national water footprint versus water availability - Case study for Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 3577-3585
Author(s):  
Mohamed ElFetyany ◽  
Hanan Farag ◽  
Samah H. Abd El Ghany
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
National Water

scholarly journals Water footprint of Xiamen city from production and consumption perspectives (2001–2012)

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 472-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiefeng Kang ◽  
Jianyi Lin ◽  
Shenghui Cui ◽  
Xiangyang Li
Keyword(s):  
Water Footprint ◽  
Virtual Water ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Average Production ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Xiamen City ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Providing a comprehensive insight, water footprint (WF) is widely used to analyze and address water-use issues. In this study, a hybrid of bottom-up and top-down methods is applied to calculate, from production and consumption perspectives, the WF for Xiamen city from 2001 to 2012. Results show that the average production WF of Xiamen was 881.75 Mm3/year and remained relatively stable during the study period, while the consumption WF of Xiamen increased from 979.56 Mm3/year to 1,664.97 Mm3/year over the study period. Xiamen thus became a net importer of virtual water since 2001. Livestock was the largest contributor to the total WF from both production and consumption perspectives; it was followed by crops, industry, household use, and commerce. The efficiency of the production WF has increased in Xiamen, and its per capita consumption WF was relatively low. The city faces continuing growth in its consumption WF, so more attention should be paid to improving local irrigation, reducing food waste, and importing water-intensive agricultural products.

scholarly journals How downstream sub-basins depend on upstream inflows to avoid scarcity: typology and global analysis of transboundary rivers

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2795-2809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafsa Ahmed Munia ◽  
Joseph H. A. Guillaume ◽  
Naho Mirumachi ◽  
Yoshihide Wada ◽  
Matti Kummu
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
River Basins ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Available Water

Abstract. Countries sharing river basins are often dependent upon water originating outside their boundaries; meaning that without that upstream water, water scarcity may occur with flow-on implications for water use and management. We develop a formalisation of this concept drawing on ideas about the transition between regimes from resilience literature, using water stress and water shortage as indicators of water scarcity. In our analytical framework, dependency occurs if water from upstream is needed to avoid scarcity. This can be diagnosed by comparing different types of water availability on which a sub-basin relies, in particular local runoff and upstream inflows. At the same time, possible upstream water withdrawals reduce available water downstream, influencing the latter water availability. By developing a framework of scarcity and dependency, we contribute to the understanding of transitions between system regimes. We apply our analytical framework to global transboundary river basins at the scale of sub-basin areas (SBAs). Our results show that 1175 million people live under water stress (42 % of the total transboundary population). Surprisingly, the majority (1150 million) of these currently suffer from stress only due to their own excessive water use and possible water from upstream does not have impact on the stress status – i.e. they are not yet dependent on upstream water to avoid stress – but could still impact on the intensity of the stress. At the same time, 386 million people (14 %) live in SBAs that can avoid stress owing to available water from upstream and have thus upstream dependency. In the case of water shortage, 306 million people (11 %) live in SBAs dependent on upstream water to avoid possible shortage. The identification of transitions between system regimes sheds light on how SBAs may be affected in the future, potentially contributing to further refined analysis of inter- and intrabasin hydro-political power relations and strategic planning of management practices in transboundary basins.

DETERMINANTS OF NON-REVENUE WATER

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Haslinda Ab Malek ◽  
Mohamad Hafizi Zakaria ◽  
Muhammad Luqman Zulkifli ◽  
Nur Farahin Roslan
Keyword(s):  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water System ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Efficient Management ◽  
The People ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Production Quantity ◽  
Non Revenue Water

Water is one of the most essential needs in human daily life. Water losses or Non-Revenue Water (NRW) refers to the treated water that has been produced from water plant which did not reach to the customer. This waste of water has caused the company to suffer losses and hence, burdens the people with increasing water tariff. Moreover, it becomes one of the challenges for commercial water system management because the water company must fulfil the demand from the society which keep increasing day by day. In addition, the demand for water is increasing, as the population is growing. Despite having the rainfall throughout the year in Malaysia, many cities are experiencing water shortage and frequent water supply disruptions. Therefore, efficient management of water distribution is required to minimise the water losses and to make sure the sustainability of water reserve for a long period. This study focuses on identifying the significant factors that influence the Non-Revenue Water and modelling the data using Multiple Linear Regression Model. The sample size used in this study were 212 observations and the variables involved were Length of Connection, Number of Connection, Production Quantity, Consumption Quantity and Non-Revenue Water. It is found that the variables of Number of Connection, Consumption Quantity and Production Quantity were significant to Non-Revenue Water whereas the variable of Length of Connection was not significant. It is hoped that the result from this study can be used by the water authority company in improving the water distribution and thus reduce water losses and cost.

scholarly journals ANALISA POTENSI WADUK RUKOH DALAM MEMENUHI KEBUTUHAN AIR DI KABUPATEN PIDIE, INDONESIAANALYSIS OF RUKOH RESERVOIR POTENCY FOR DETERMINING WATER REQUIREMENT IN PIDIE DISTRICT, INDONESIA

Agromet ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Siti Nurdhawata ◽  
Bambang Dwi Dasanto
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Model Calibration ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Tank Model ◽  
Irrigation Area ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Balance Analysis

<em>Generally, reservoir can overcome problem of water availability in particular region. The reservoir collects excess water during rainy season to be used at the time of water shortage during dry season. In Pidie, the largest water sources are from Krueng Baro Geunik and Krueng Tiro. The reservoir is located at Krueng Rukoh with Krueng Tiro as the source of water supply. The reservoir provides water for irrigating and supplying domestic water in Baro (11.950 ha) and Tiro (6.330 ha) areas. There are 13 districts (216718 inhabitants) use the water from this reservoir. Given the population growing at rate of 0.52% then the water demand in the region increases. The aim of study was to estimate the volume of water entering the reservoir using the tank model. Calibration curve between the tank model output and observation data showed good correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.7). The calibrated model was then used to calculate the discharge at Krueng Baro Geunik. A water balance analysis showed that the highest deficit occurred in September and the highest surplus in November. Based on this analysis, the capacity of Krueng Rukoh reservoir is able to fulfill its function assuming the rate of population growth and the irrigation area are constant.</em>

Water Footprint Evaluation of the Production of Float Flat Glass

2021 ◽  
Vol 1035 ◽  
pp. 1102-1108
Author(s):  
Yi Ling Wu ◽  
Xian Zheng Gong ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
Xiao Qing Li ◽  
Xiao Fei Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Flat Glass ◽  
Glass Production ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Plate Glass ◽  
Water Degradation ◽  
Production Stage

The ISO14046 water footprint evaluation method was used in this study to calculate the water shortage footprint and water degradation footprint in plate glass production, in order to improve the water efficiency and management level in the production process of plate glass in China. A certain enterprise in Hebei province was selected for investigation in 2018. The results show that the water shortage footprint generated by the production of flat glass was 0.435 m3H2Oeq/weight box. The proportion at raw material production stage was the largest, being 86%, so the water consumption control in raw material mining and the circulating water system should be strengthened and improved to reduce the fresh water consumption. Water degradation footprint in flat glass industry mainly consisted of eutrophication and acidification footprints. The eutrophication footprint was calculated as 0.027 kgNO3-eq/weight box, and water acidification footprint was 0.271 kgSO2eq/weight box. The largest proportion occurred at flat glass production stage. It should be paid attention at this stage, to update the relatively clean production equipments and add the waste gas processing steps to reduce pollution discharge.

FACTORS AFFECTING WATER AVAILABILITY AT HOUSE HOLD LEVEL A CASE STUDY OF QUETTA BALOCHISTAN

Al-Burz ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-276
Author(s):  
Shaheen Usman Kakar ◽  
Dr. Mumtaz Ali Baloch ◽  
Dr. Shahida Habib
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Availability ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sanitation Systems

  Water is of basic substance for Human development, the water brought environment, economy, civilization, livelihood provisions and well being for the society. Comprehensively understanding factors affecting the availability of water for household the water consumption behavior are required to be designed for efficient and effective water uses. To address the issue we randomly investigated 200 households in five different populated towns of Quetta city. The primary data was collected through household questionnaire survey and observation. On the other hand, secondary data included books, journal articles and websites. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The findings of this study revealed that type of family, monthly income, major source of water, presence of garden at household and responsible factor of water shortage are significantly correlated with water availability. The survey concludes that the available water resources provided by the government are not enough for the daily household usage resultantly the respondents struggle hard to managed alternative water resources as per their requirement. The paper recommend to bring  awareness for the public sector about their right to water and provision of water sources is core responsibly of Government, especially to draw a policy for new constructions of water resources or by the remodeling of water and sanitation systems.

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