scholarly journals Short-Term Response of Young Mandarin Trees to Desalinated Seawater Irrigation

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose F. Maestre-Valero ◽  
Victoriano Martínez-Alvarez ◽  
Francisco J. Jódar-Conesa ◽  
Jose A. Acosta ◽  
Bernardo Martin-Gorriz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Stem Water Potential ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Gas Exchange Parameters ◽  
Adult Trees

Water deficit and increasing pressure on water resources in semi-arid regions has led to the spread of irrigation with non-conventional water resources, such as desalinated seawater (DSW). The few existent studies to date, mainly carried out in Israel and Spain, have shown that suitable management of irrigation with DSW must be performed to avoid agronomic problems and reductions in crop productivity and fruit quality in the mid-long term. To the best of our knowledge, in the case of citrus, fruit production, and quality, information on the effects of DSW irrigation is not available. In this study, we evaluated the short-term agronomic and economic effects of irrigating a mandarin orchard during two crop cycles (2017–2019) with (i) fresh water (FW), (ii) desalinated seawater (DSW), and (iii) a mix of water composed of 50% FW and 50% DSW. Stem water potential (Ψs < −1 MPa) and gas exchange parameters (net photosynthesis; A > 6.5 µmol/m2/s and stomatal conductance; gs > 65 mmol/m2/s) indicated that trees were well irrigated throughout the experiment. The concentration of Na+ and B3+ in the DSW always exceeded the maximum thresholds for irrigation water proposed in the literature for citrus, and the concentration of Na+ in the leaves exceeded the maximum threshold in summer 2018. Nonetheless, symptoms of toxicity were not observed. Significant differences among treatments were not observed for Ψstem, A, gs, Na+, Cl−, and B3+ in leaves (except in the summer months), yield components, fruit quality, or the economic assessment. The lack of such differences was explained by the large standard deviations caused by the youth of the trees, with figures that on occasion could represent more than 100% of the mean value. These results may justify the agronomic and economic viability of the irrigation of young trees with DSW in the short-term, but further research, considering the effects on adult trees in the long term is still needed.

scholarly journals Crédito consignado: segmentos e efeitos econômicos

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 783-810
Author(s):  
Angélica Pott de Medeiros ◽  
Giulia Xisto de Oliveira ◽  
Reisoli Bender Filho
Keyword(s):  
Economic Recession ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Variance Decomposition ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Macroeconomic Variables ◽  
The Public ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Vector Estimation

Resumo: O cenário de instabilidade política, a recessão econômica e as mudanças nas regras de concessão de crédito pautaram o objetivo de examinar o relacionamento do crédito consignado, por segmento de concessão, com variáveis macroeconômicas, caso do consumo, da produção industrial e do produto agregado, na última década (2007-2017). Os resultados foram obtidos por meio da estimação do vetor de correção de erros, funções de impulso-resposta e decomposição da variância, possibilitando a análise das relações de curto e de longo prazo entre as séries temporais e indicaram que as diferentes modalidades do crédito consignado implicam efeitos distintos sobre as variáveis econômicas em curto prazo. O segmento de aposentados e pensionistas impacta positivamente ambas as variáveis analisadas, com destaque para os bens de consumo das famílias. Já a concessão ao setor privado, embora represente a menor parcela do crédito consignado concedido, mostrou elevada sensibilidade a alterações na oferta dessa modalidade de crédito, enquanto que o crédito ao setor público, de maior participação, apresentou efeitos reduzidos e de curta duração.Palavras-chave: Crédito consignado. Segmentos. Economia brasileira. Payroll loans: segments and economic effects Abstract: The environment of political instability, economic recession and changes in the rules of granting credit were guiders to aim to examine the payroll loans relationship, by concession segment, with macroeconomic variables, case of consumption, industrial production and aggregate product, in the last decade (2007-2017). The results obtained by error correction vector estimation, and functions of impulse-response and variance decomposition, making it possible to analyze the short- and long-term relationships between the time series and indicated that the different modalities of payroll loans imply different effects on economic short-term variables. With retirees and pensioners segment positively impact on both analyzed variables, highlighting the household consumption goods. The concession to the private sector, although it represents the smallest portion of payroll loans granted, it showed high sensitivity to the changes of this modality. About credit to the public sector, which has the biggest portion, it showed reduced and short-term effects.Keywords: Payroll loans. Segments. Brazilian economy.

The Bubble Act: Its Passage and Its Effects on Business Organization

1994 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 610-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Harris
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Joint Stock Company ◽  
Stock Company ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Dominant Position ◽  
South Sea ◽  
Conversion Scheme

By surveying contemporary sources this article reveals direct evidence for the involvement of the South Sea Company in the passage of the Bubble Act. The dominant position of the Company and of its national debt conversion scheme in the affairs of England in 1720 support the conclusion that the act was in fact a piece of special-interest legislation for the Company. The short-term interest that motivated the enactment, together with the limited legal and economic effects of the act, minimized its significance as a turning point in the long-term development of the English joint-stock company.

How Will the COVID-19 Pandemic Affect Democracy?

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Lauri Rapeli ◽  
Inga Saikkonen
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Democratic Institutions ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Future ◽  
Established Democracies

In this commentary, we discuss some possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in both established and newer democracies. We expect that the pandemic will not have grave long-term effects on established democracies. We assess the future of democracy after COVID-19 in terms of immediate effects on current democratic leaders, and speculate on the long-term effects on support for democratic institutions and principles. We also discuss possible implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global trends in democratic backsliding. We predict that, in the short term, the repercussions of the pandemic can aggravate the situation in countries that are already experiencing democratic erosion. However, the long term economic effects of the pandemic may be more detrimental to non-democratic governance.

Echoes of the French Revolution in the Rhineland, 1830–1849

1989 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 200-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Sperber
Keyword(s):  
French Revolution ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Left Bank ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
The French Revolution

Of all the regions of Central Europe, the Rhineland was the one most affected by the French Revolution. The area on the left bank of the Rhine belonged for almost two full decades to the First French Republic and the Napoleonic Empire; parts of the right bank were, for a shorter period, under the rule of the Napoleonic satellite state, the Grand Duchy of Berg. In studying these unusual circumstances, historians have sometimes focused on short-term political implications, asking how the Rhenish population of the 1790s responded to the Jacobin regime. They have also studied the long-term social and economic effects of the revolutionary legislation and the secularization of church lands.

scholarly journals MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC AID FOR FARMS IN POLAND

2021 ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Marek Wigier ◽  
Marian Podstawka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Public Aid ◽  
Using Data

Agricultural policy is an attempt to put into practice the laws of economic theory, in order to achieve goals defined by the State. This research, carried out on a sample of four groups of Polish farms, contributes to the question of how to improve short-term economic policy in order to stimulate market mechanisms for the long-term development of the sector. Using data from the Polish FADN for 2008-2019, the authors of the study apply the modified PSM method to determine the economic effects of changes taking place on farms. The research indicates that effective investments are the source of long-term development and economic success. At the same time, it shows that economic entities, by optimizing their microeconomic objective function, adjust investments to the objectives of public aid, which reduces the effectiveness of the use of financial resources.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Straw Mulching and Subsoiling Affect Soil Water, Photosynthesis, and Water Use of Wheat and Maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yonghui Yang ◽  
Jicheng Wu ◽  
Yan-Lei Du ◽  
Cuimin Gao ◽  
Xiaoying Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Straw Mulching ◽  
Resource Sustainability ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Use Efficiency

Water shortages and rainfall variability lead to a decrease in grain yield. Straw mulching (SM), subsoiling (S), and combined amendments (subsoiling + straw mulching, SS) are potential solutions for maintaining crop productivity and water resource sustainability. However, short- and long-term applications of these methods appear to result in different yield and water use efficiency outcomes. In this study, we, therefore, compared short- and long-term applications of SM, S, and SS, with a control. We analyzed field experimental data of wheat and maize cultivation with control (conventional tillage), SM, S, and SS treatments to assess the impact on yield and water use efficiency, resulting from short- and long-term applications of these practices. The results show that SS treatment led to higher soil water storage (SWS) compared with other treatments during the regreening, jointing, and booting stages of wheat, and the big bellmouth and filling stages of maize in the short- and long-term experiments. However, long-term SS treatment also led to higher SWS in the growth stage of wheat in 2015–2016 and in the growth stage of maize in 2015. Additionally, SS treatment was conducive to raising the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and leaf water use efficiency (LWUE) of wheat compared with other treatments in 2015 and 2016. Conversely, Pn and LWUE of maize under S and SS treatments were higher (P &lt; 0.05) compared with other treatments in the two studied years. Short-term treatment led to higher wheat yield compared with long term in 2014–2015 (ample rainfall) and of maize in 2016 (low rainfall). The yield of wheat under long-term S treatment in 2015 was 9625.-kg hm−2, which was the highest (P &lt; 0.05) in 2 years, with a 17.7% increase compared with the control, followed by short-term S treatment. However, the water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat under long-term SS treatment in 2016 was the highest (P &lt; 0.05) compared with other treatments. The yield of maize under SM and S treatments was higher than other treatments, whereas the WUE of maize under long-term SS treatment in 2016 was still the highest (P &lt; 0.05). Our findings provide evidence that S and SS treatments improve both crop productivity and water resource sustainability, and long-term application resulted in higher productivity than short-term application.

Short Term and Long-Term Savings in Low Income Households: Evidence from Individual Development Accounts

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Sherraden ◽  
Amanda Moore McBride ◽  
Stacie Hanson ◽  
Lissa Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Marginal Effect ◽  
Individual Development Accounts ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Low Income Households

Previous research has found that individuals frame savings for short-term and long-term uses. These findings are reinforced through in-depth interviews with 59 participants and 25 controls in an experiment testing the effects of Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). All respondents are from low-income households. IDA participants appear more likely than control respondents to earmark savings for long-term purposes and asset investments. This could be interpreted as a result of the institutional saving structure provided through the IDA program. IDA participants are presented with savings goals, which they believe are made attainable through conveyed expectations, matching funds, financial information, and staff facilitation. Interviews suggest that savings may lead to psychological, behavioral, and economic effects. Future research can explore the distinct and marginal effect that each institutional dimension has on savings over the long term and the effects of savings on family well being.

scholarly journals Peluang dan Tantangan Implementasi Model Pertanian Konservasi di Lahan Kering

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Achmad Rachman
Keyword(s):  
Soil Quality ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Short Term

<p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Pertanian konservasi adalah salah satu alternatif model pada praktek pertanian di lahan kering yang dalam jangka panjang dapat meningkatkan produktivitas tanaman, efisiensi usahatani, dan kualitas lingkungan melalui perbaikan kualitas tanah. Tulisan ini membahas prospek penerapan pertanian konservasi untuk meningkatkan kualitas tanah dan produktivitas lahan kering. Model pertanian konservasi lebih menekankan pada perbaikan kandungan bahan organik tanah melalui kombinasi 3 pendekatan yaitu olah tanah minimum, pemulsaan, dan pengaturan pola tanam. Introduksi model pertanian konservasi di negara-negara berkembang seperti Indonesia, yang umumnya lahan pertaniannya berskala sempit (&lt;1 ha) dihadapkan pada masalah perkembangan gulma dan penurunan produktivitas pada fase awal implementasi, dan lahan yang tidak bersih sehingga berpotensi memicu munculnya hama dan penyakit tertentu. Namun demikian, model pertanian konservasi ini berpotensi untuk mengubah lahan kering terdegradasi atau tidak produktif menjadi lahan pertanian produktif dengan efisiensi usahatani yang tinggi. Dengan manfaat jangka panjang tersebut, maka implementasi pertanian konservasi di lahan kering, yang potensinya mencapai 29,4 juta ha, akan meningkatkan secara signifikan kontribusi lahan kering terhadap upaya mempertahankan swasembada pangan nasional dan meningkatkan kesejahteraan petani lahan kering. Diperlukan proses dan modifikasi untuk mengadaptasikan teknologi ini yang disesuaikan dengan karakteristik agroekosistem, konidisi sosial, dan ekonomi lokal setempat, sehingga berbagai kendala adopsi dapat diminimalisir dan manfaat dapat dioptimalkan baik jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Selain itu, diperlukan dukungan pemerintah dalam bentuk pelatihan, advokasi, dan bantuan input usahatani untuk meminimalisir resiko kerugian petani terutama pada tahap awal implementasi teknologi.</p><p><em><strong>Abstract.</strong></em> Conservation agriculture is an alternative model to agricultural practices in dryland which in the long term provides a number of benefits including an increase in crop productivity, farm input efficiency and environmental quality through the improvement of soil quality. This paper discusses the prospect for implementing conservation agricultural to improve soil quality and productivity of dryland. The conservation agriculture model emphasizes the improvement of soil organic matter content through a combination of 3 approaches, namely minimum tillage, mulching, and cropping pattern. Introduction of conservation agriculture into developing countries like Indonesia, which are generally small-scale farming (&lt;1 ha), will face a number of obstacles caused by short-term and immediate shortcomings of the technology. These shortcomings include weed development and productivity decline in the early phase of implementation, and the potential to trigger the emergence of certain pests and diseases due to unclean land. However, the practice has the potential to transform degraded or unproductive drylands into more efficient and productive agricultural land. With those long-term benefits of conservation agriculture, its implementation to 29.4 million ha of dryland of Indonesia will boost significantly the contribution of dryland agriculture in sustaining national food self sufficiency and improving the welfare of dryland farmers. Processes and modifications are needed to adapt this practice to suit local agroecosystem, social and local economic characteristics so that various adoption constraints can be minimized and short-term and long-term benefits can be optimized. In addition, government supports are needed in the form of training, advocacy and farm inputs subsidies to minimize the risk of loss of farmers especially in the early stages of technology implementation.</p>

scholarly journals 081 New Hardy Apple Selections from the Québec Apple Breeding Program

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 402D-402
Author(s):  
S. Khanizadeh ◽  
Y. Groleau ◽  
J.R. DeEll ◽  
J. Cousineau ◽  
R. Granger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Apple Breeding ◽  
Potential Interest ◽  
Disease Resistant ◽  
Resistant Varieties ◽  
Partnership Program

The objectives of the Québec apple breeding program are to develop hardy and disease-resistant varieties for the production of juice and cider and/or varieties with an excellent fruit quality and long shelf-life. Almost 90% of the research in apple breeding is funded by a Partnership Program, in which the partners cover ≈50% of the research costs. The short-term objectives of the program are to evaluate the existing genotypes at the AAFC Frelighsburg sub-station and name worthy selections, remove unworthy material, and transfer potentially interesting genotypes to other AAFC research stations for further evaluations. Three selections—SJC7713-1, SJC686-1, and O-5410—are very hardy, scab-resistant, and have good yields of pleasantly flavored fruit, which can be stored long-term while retaining good quality. Selections SJCA14R3A108 and SJCA36R7A87 are not scab-resistant, but they are hardy, and the fruit have an excellent flavor, store very well for >5 months, and have a flesh that does not darken after cutting. The above selections are currently being evaluated for use by commercial growers. Selections SJC7172-1 and SJC7911-1, along with four crabapple genotypes, are of potential interest to home gardeners.

scholarly journals The Water Yield Pattern for Annual and Monthly Scales Through a Unifying Catchment Water Balance Model

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dedi Liu ◽  
Dezhi Fu
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Simulated Data ◽  
Water Balance Model ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Resources Management

Abstract Long-term scheduling and short-term decision-making for water resources management often require understanding the relationship of water yield pattern between the annual and monthly scales. As the water yield pattern mainly depends on land cover/use and climate, a unifying catchment water balance model with factors has been adopted to derive a theoretical water yield pattern with annual and monthly scales. Two critical values at the parameters ε=1-√2/2 and ϕ=1.0 are identified. The parameter ε referring to the water storage (land use/cover) and evaporation (climate) changes can make more contribution than ϕ for water yield when ϕ>1.0, especially with ε<1-√2/2. But there is less contribution made by ε when ϕ<1.0. The derived theoretical water yield patterns have also been validated by the observed data or the simulated data through the hydrological model. Due to the bias of the soil moisture data, a lot of the estimated parameter ε values are over its theoretical range, especially for the monthly scale in humid basins. The performance of the derived theoretical water yield pattern at annual scale is much better than that at monthly scale while there are only a few data sets from the arid basin at every months fall within their theoretical ranges. Even the relative contributions of ε is found to be bigger than those of ϕ due to ε<1-√2/2 and ϕ>1.0, there are no significant linear relationships between annual and monthly parameters ε and ϕ. Our results not only validate the derived theoretical water yield pattern with the estimated parameter directly by the observed or simulated data rather than the calibrated parameter, but also can guide for further understanding physical of water balance to conversion time scales for the combing long-term and short-term water resources management.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document