scholarly journals Water Vapor from Western Eurasia Promotes Precipitation during the Snow Season in Northern Xinjiang, a Typical Arid Region in Central Asia

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Wang ◽  
Hongyi Li ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Xiaohua Hao
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Vapor Source ◽  
Northern Xinjiang ◽  
The North ◽  
North Polar ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Water Vapor Source

Atmospheric water vapor plays an important role in the water cycle, especially in arid Central Asia, where precipitation is invaluable to water resources. Understanding and quantifying the relationship between water vapor source regions and precipitation is a key problem in water resource research in typical arid Central Asia, Northern Xinjiang. However, the relationship between precipitation and water vapor sources is still unclear of snow season. This paper aimed at studying the role of water vapor source supply in the Northern Xinjiang precipitation trend, which was investigated using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results showed that the total water vapor contributed from Western Eurasia and the North Polar area presented upward trends similar to the precipitation change trend, which indicated that the water vapor contribution from the two previous water vapor source regions supplied abundant water vapor and maintained the upward precipitation trend from 1980 to 2017 in Northern Xinjiang. From the climatology of water vapor transport, the region was controlled by midlatitude westerlies and major water vapor input from the western boundary, and the net water vapor flux of this region also showed an annual increasing trend. Western Eurasia had the largest moisture percentage contribution to Northern Xinjiang (48.11%) over the past 38 years. Northern Xinjiang precipitation was correlated with water vapor from Western Eurasia, the North Polar area, and Siberia, and the correlation coefficients were 0.66, 0.45, and 0.57, respectively. These results could aid in better understanding the water cycle process and climate change in this typical arid region of Central Asia.

Understanding the water cycle above the north polar cap on Mars using MRO CRISM retrievals of water vapor

Icarus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 722-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain S.J. Khayat ◽  
Michael D. Smith ◽  
Scott D. Guzewich
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Polar Cap ◽  
The North ◽  
North Polar

Water vapor variability in the north polar region of Mars from Viking MAWD and MGS TES datasets

Icarus ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey A. Pankine ◽  
Leslie K. Tamppari ◽  
Michael D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Polar Region ◽  
The North ◽  
North Polar

scholarly journals The North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 2103-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolande L. Serra ◽  
David K. Adams ◽  
Carlos Minjarez-Sosa ◽  
James M. Moker ◽  
Avelino F. Arellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
North American ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
Atmospheric Sciences ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwestern Mexico ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Northwestern Mexico experiences large variations in water vapor on seasonal time scales in association with the North American monsoon, as well as during the monsoon associated with upper-tropospheric troughs, mesoscale convective systems, tropical easterly waves, and tropical cyclones. Together these events provide more than half of the annual rainfall to the region. A sufficient density of meteorological observations is required to properly observe, understand, and forecast the important processes contributing to the development of organized convection over northwestern Mexico. The stability of observations over long time periods is also of interest to monitor seasonal and longer-time-scale variability in the water cycle. For more than a decade, the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used to obtain tropospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) for applications in the atmospheric sciences. There is particular interest in establishing these systems where conventional operational meteorological networks are not possible due to the lack of financial or human resources to support the network. Here, we provide an overview of the North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013 in northwestern Mexico for the study of mesoscale processes and the impact of PWV observations on high-resolution model forecasts of organized convective events during the 2013 monsoon. Some highlights are presented, as well as a look forward at GPS networks with surface meteorology (GPS-Met) planned for the region that will be capable of capturing a wider range of water vapor variability in both space and time across Mexico and into the southwestern United States.

scholarly journals Subseasonal Variations of Wintertime North Pacific Evaporation, Cold Air Surges, and Water Vapor Transport

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 (23) ◽  
pp. 9475-9491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuejuan Ren ◽  
Xiu-Qun Yang ◽  
Haibo Hu
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
North Pacific ◽  
Wave Train ◽  
Vapor Transport ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Water Vapor Transport ◽  
Vapor Source ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Cold Air ◽  
The North

This study addresses subseasonal variations of oceanic evaporation E over the North Pacific during winter and the connection with the cold air surges (CASs) and atmospheric water vapor transport using the OAFlux and ERA-Interim daily data. By performing an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, two dominant modes of subseasonal evaporation anomaly E′ are identified: a zonal wave train–like pattern (EOF1) and an east negative–west positive dipolar pattern (EOF2) in the midlatitude basin. Further analyses yield the following conclusions. 1) The Siberian high (SH)-related CAS has a crucial role in generation of the EOF1 mode of E′. When the dry and cold air mass passes the region of the warm Kuroshio and its extension [Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension (KOE)], the increased air–sea temperature and moisture differences and intensified wind speed lead to the above-normal oceanic E, and vice versa. 2) The Aleutian low (AL)-related CAS contributes to the EOF2 mode of E′. The intensified AL transports a dramatically colder and drier air mass toward the KOE region and a slightly warmer and wetter one toward the west coast of North America, leading to the east negative–west positive structure of E′ in the midlatitude basin. 3) A quasi-linear relationship exists between E′ and divergent water vapor transport anomalies over the KOE region. Positive (negative) E′ is generally accompanied by anomalous vapor source (sink). 4) The divergent water vapor transport anomalies associated with the two EOFs are preliminarily decided by their individual lower-level wind field anomalies and second by the meridional inhomogeneity of subseasonal specific humidity anomalies. Hydroclimate effects on precipitation over the pan–North Pacific region are also discussed.

Force Characterization of Hygroscopic Liquid Crystal Elastomers

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Hays ◽  
Hongbo Wang ◽  
William S. Oates
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Vapor Source ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Liquid Crystal Elastomer ◽  
Liquid Crystal Elastomers ◽  
Response To Water ◽  
Water Vapor Source

The actuation forces of a hydrophilic liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) in response to water vapor was tested and modeled. These materials exhibit asymmetric swelling as water vapor is absorbed into one side of the elastomer film. This gives rise to deflection away from the water source. Deformation due to water vapor has shown to be on the order of seconds and is reversible which provides unique sensing and actuation characteristics for elastomer films. The constitutive behavior is modeled by using nonlinear continuum mechanics to predict internal changes in density of the liquid crystal elastomer and subsequent deformation by correlating moisture exposure with changes in the elastomer’s density. In order to compare the model and obtain a set material parameters, a micro-Newton measuring device was designed and tested to quantify the forces generated in the liquid crystal elastomer under bending. Forces ranging between 1 to 8 μN were measured as a function of the location of the water vapor source. The results provide important insight into chemical force response and sensing for a number of biomedical and microfluidic applications.

scholarly journals A Climatological Interpretation of Precipitation δ18O across Siberia and Central Asia

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wang ◽  
Ting-Yong Li ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Yao Wu ◽  
Chao-Jun Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Temperature Effect ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Vapor Source ◽  
Precipitation Δ18o

Siberia and Central Asia are located at middle to high latitudes, encompassing a large landlocked area of the Eurasian continent and vast tracts of permafrost, which are sensitive to global climate change. Here, we investigated the data from 15 Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP) stations to clarify the relationship between precipitation δ18O (δ18OP) and the local temperature and precipitation amount on the monthly, seasonal, and annual timescales. Three main conclusions as following: (1) On the monthly time scale, the variation in δ18OP is mainly controlled by the “temperature effect”. (2) The weighted average value of precipitation δ18O (δ18Ow) exhibited “temperature effect” over 60° N–70° N. However, δ18Ow was dominated by multiple factors from 40° N to 60° N (e.g., the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and water vapor source changes). (3) The variations of δ18OW can be attributed to the changes in pathway of the westerly dominated by the NAO at annual timescale. Therefore, it is possible to reconstruct the histories of past atmospheric circulations and water vapor sources in this region via δ18O in geologic archives, e.g., speleothem and ice core records.

scholarly journals Deuterium Excess in Precipitation Reveals Water Vapor Source in the Monsoon Margin Sites in Northwest China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3315
Author(s):  
Fenli Chen ◽  
Mingjun Zhang ◽  
Athanassios A. Argiriou ◽  
Shengjie Wang ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Northwest China ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Deuterium Excess ◽  
Stable Water Isotopes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Vapor Source ◽  
Water Vapor Source ◽  
D Value

The deuterium excess (d) in precipitation, determined by the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O), is a widely applied parameter in tracing the water vapor source. Based on the multiple-year observations of stable water isotopes in precipitation at four stations in the Lanzhou city, Northwest China, we analyzed the variations in deuterium excess in precipitation at the Asian monsoon margin region. The mean value of deuterium excess at the study region is 11.0‰ in the dry season and 8.0‰ in the wet season. The d value in precipitation negatively correlates with air temperature and vapor pressure. The low d value during the wet season reflects the monsoon moisture transported from long distances. During the dry season, the continental air masses correspond to the higher d value in precipitation. The moisture regimes based on reanalysis data are generally consistent with the findings using a stable isotopic approach, and the monsoon moisture is highlighted in summer precipitation at these monsoon margin sites.

Detections of Water Vapor Increase Over the North Polar Troughs on Mars as Observed by CRISM

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain SJ. Khayat ◽  
Michael D. Smith ◽  
Scott D. Guzewich
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
The North ◽  
North Polar

Design, Calibration and Implementation of a Biosynthetic Water Vapor Source

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Blackwell ◽  
S. Maa ◽  
S. Agelopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Vapor Source ◽  
Water Vapor Source
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