scholarly journals Flood Risk Assessment of the Wadi Nu’man Basin, Mecca, Saudi Arabia (During the Period, 1988–2019) Based on the Integration of Geomatics and Hydraulic Modeling: A Case Study

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Abdelkarim ◽  
Ahmed F.D. Gaber
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Risk Matrix ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Erdas Imagine ◽  
Water Volumes ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to assess the impact of flash floods in the Wadi Nu’man basin on urban areas, east of Mecca, which are subjected to frequent floods, during the period from 1988–2019. By producing and analyzing the maps of the regions, an integrated approach to geomatics and hydraulic modelling is employed. The following maps are used: Flood-prone urbanity from 1988–2019, a flood risk map of Wadi Nu’man based on a risk matrix map, and a map of the proposed protection measures and alternatives in the study area. In order to achieve these goals, changes in the land use in the Wadi Nu’man basin were monitored by analyzing successive satellite images, taken by the US satellite, Landsat, in 1988, 1998, 2013, and 2019. Using a supervised classification, with the maximum likelihood method of ERDAS IMAGINE 2016, GIS was used in the production and analysis of soil maps, and geological and hydrological groups of drainage basins, as well as the hydrological model (HEC-HMS), were applied in calculating the hydrograph curve of the Wadi Nu’man basin. The flood water volumes and flow rates were estimated based on the SCS unit hydrograph, and the rain depth was analyzed and estimated for different periods. The hydraulic modeling program (HEC-RAS) was employed, when developing a two-dimensional model to calculate the speed, depth, and spread of the flood, in order to apply the risk matrix method. The recommendations based on this study give priority to the implementation of a flood prevention plan and the protection of infrastructure by maintaining the existing flood drainage facilities and establishing new drainage facilities to protect lives, property, and infrastructure.

Pluvial flood catastrophe modelling: a trans-disciplinary approach.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Karagiorgos ◽  
Daniel Knos ◽  
Jan Haas ◽  
Sven Halldin ◽  
Barbara Blumenthal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Effective Prevention ◽  
The Public ◽  
Modelling Framework ◽  
Catastrophe Modelling ◽  
The Impact

<p>Pluvial floods are one of the most significant natural hazards in Europe causing severe damage to urban areas. Following the projected increase in extreme precipitation and the ongoing urbanization, these events play an important role in the ongoing flood risk management discussion and provoke serious risk to the public as well as to the insurance sector. However, this type of flood, remains a poorly documented phenomenon. To address this gap, Swedish Pluvial Modelling Analysis and Safety Handling (SPLASH) project aims to develop new methods and types of data that improve the possibility to value flood risk in Swedish municipalities by collaboration between different disciplines.</p><p>SPLASH project allows to investigating the impact of heavy precipitation along the entire risk modelling chain, ultimate needed for effective prevention. This study presents a pluvial flood catastrophe modelling framework to identify and assess hazard, exposure and vulnerability in urban context. An integrated approach is adopted by incorporating ‘rainfall-damage’ patterns, flood inundation modelling, vulnerability tools and risk management. The project is developed in the ‘OASIS Loss Modelling Framework’ platform, jointly with end-users from the public sector and the insurance industry.</p><p>The Swedish case study indicates that the framework presented can be considered as an important decision making tool, by establishing an area for collaboration between academia; insurance businesses and rescue services, to reduce long-term disaster risk in Sweden.</p>

scholarly journals Integrating Remote Sensing and Hydrologic Modeling to Assess the Impact of Land-Use Changes on the Increase of Flood Risk: A Case Study of the Riyadh–Dammam Train Track, Saudi Arabia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 6003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Abdelkarim ◽  
Ahmed Gaber ◽  
Ibtesam Alkadi ◽  
Haya Alogayell
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Train Track ◽  
Erdas Imagine ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

The current study aimed at measuring the impact of the change in land-use morphology on the increase of flood risk through its application to the case of the Riyadh–Dammam train track in Saudi Arabia. The track was exposed to drift on 18 February 2017, over a length of 10 km, in the district of Dhahran in the capital of Dammam. Flooding caused the train to drift off its track and resulted in damage to lives, property, and infrastructure. This resulted from human interventions in the preplanning land uses and changing the morphology of the land by encroaching on the valleys, which resulted in the loss of the environmental and ecological balance in the study area. In order to achieve these goals, land-use changes in the study area were monitored by analyzing successive images from the GEO-I-1 satellite with a resolution of 60 cm for the years 2011 and 2017, before and after the train drift, using the maximum likelihood classification process provided in ERDAS IMAGINE 2016. GIS was used in the processing of 1 m digital elevation models to extract the morphological changes of the wadies between 2011 and 2017. A hydrological model (HEC–HMS) was used in calculating the (flood) hydrograph curve of the wadies basins and estimating the calculation of flood water quantities and its flow rates based on the Soil Conservation Services (SCS) Unit Hydrograph Method. Rain depth was analyzed and estimated for different return periods. The HEC–RAS hydraulic modeling program was employed in developing a 2D model to calculate the velocity, depth, and spread of the flood in order to apply the risk matrix method.

scholarly journals Link between Land Use and Flood Risk Assessment in Urban Areas

Proceedings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Zahra Kalantari ◽  
Johanna Sörensen
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Green Infrastructure ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
Pluvial Flooding ◽  
The Impact

The densification of urban areas has raised concerns over increased pluvial flooding. Flood risk in urban areas might increase under the impact of land use changes. Urbanisation involves the conversion of natural areas to impermeable areas, causing lower infiltration rates and increased runoff. When high-intensity rainfall exceeds the capacity of an urban drainage system, the runoff causes pluvial flooding in low-laying areas. In the present study, a long time series (i.e., 20 years) of geo-referenced flood claims from property owners has been collected and analysed in detail to assess flood risk as it relates to land use changes in urban areas. The flood claim data come from property owners with flood insurance that covers property loss from overland flooding, groundwater intrusion through basement walls, as well as flooding from drainage systems; these data serve as a proxy of flood severity. The spatial relationships between land use change and flood occurrences in different urban areas were analysed. Special emphasis was placed on examining how nature-based solutions and blue-green infrastructure relate to flood risk. The relationships are defined by a statistical method explaining the tendencies whereby land use change affects flood risk.

scholarly journals An Integrated Approach for Assessing Flood Risk in Historic City Centres

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago M. Ferreira ◽  
Pedro P. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Flood Risk ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Momentum Equation ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Risk Matrix ◽  
Hazard Scenario ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Historic City ◽  
City Centres

Historic city centres near watercourses are a specific type of urban area that are particularly vulnerable to flooding. In this study, we present a new methodology of flood risk assessment that crosses hazard and physical vulnerability information. We have selected the Historic City Centre of Guimarães (Portugal), a UNESCO Heritage Site, for developing and testing the defined methodology. The flood hazard scenario was obtained through the hydrologic–hydraulic modelling of peak flows with a 100-year return period, which provided flood extent, depths, and velocities. A decomposition of the momentum equation, using depth and velocity, allowed reaching a final hazard score. Flood vulnerability was assessed through combining an exposure component and a sensitivity component, from field-collected data regarding wall orientation, heritage status, age, number of storeys, condition, and material of buildings. By combining the results of the hazard and vulnerability modules in a risk-matrix, three qualitative levels of flood risk were defined. The individual and crossed analysis of results proved to be complementary. On one hand, it allows the identification of the more relevant risk factors—from the hazard or vulnerability modules. On the other hand, the risk-matrix identified other buildings with a high risk that otherwise would remain unnoticed to risk managers.

scholarly journals Flood Hazard Assessment of the Urban Area of Tabuk City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia by Integrating Spatial-Based Hydrologic and Hydrodynamic Modeling

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashraf Abdelkarim ◽  
Ahmed Gaber ◽  
Ahmed Youssef ◽  
Biswajeet Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
The Impact

This study deals with the use of remote sensing (RS), geographic information systems (GISs), hydrologic modeling (water modeling system, WMS), and hydraulic modeling (Hydrologic Engineering Center River Analysis System, HEC-RAS) to evaluate the impact of flash flood hazards on the sustainable urban development of Tabuk City, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Determining the impact of flood hazards on the urban area and developing alternatives for protection and prevention measures were the main aims of this work. Tabuk City is exposed to frequent flash flooding due to its location along the outlets of five major wadis. These wadis frequently carry flash floods, seriously impacting the urban areas of the city. WMS and HEC-HMS models and RS data were used to determine the paths and morphological characteristics of the wadis, the hydrographic flow of different drainage basins, flow rates and volumes, and the expansion of agricultural and urban areas from 1998 to 2018. Finally, hydraulic modeling of the HEC-RAS program was applied to delineate the urban areas that could be inundated with floodwater. Ultimately, the most suitable remedial measures are proposed to protect the future sustainable urban development of Tabuk City from flood hazards. This approach is rarely used in the KSA. We propose a novel method that could help decision-makers and planners in determining inundated flood zones before planning future urban and agricultural development in the KSA.

scholarly journals Predicting Future Urban Flood Risk Using Land Change and Hydraulic Modeling in a River Watershed in the Central Province of Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 262
Author(s):  
Huu Duy Nguyen ◽  
Dennis Fox ◽  
Dinh Kha Dang ◽  
Le Tuan Pham ◽  
Quan Vu Viet Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Hydraulic Modeling ◽  
Land Change ◽  
Urban Flood ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Flood Risk

Flood risk is a significant challenge for sustainable spatial planning, particularly concerning climate change and urbanization. Phrasing suitable land planning strategies requires assessing future flood risk and predicting the impact of urban sprawl. This study aims to develop an innovative approach combining land use change and hydraulic models to explore future urban flood risk, aiming to reduce it under different vulnerability and exposure scenarios. SPOT-3 and Sentinel-2 images were processed and classified to create land cover maps for 1995 and 2019, and these were used to predict the 2040 land cover using the Land Change Modeler Module of Terrset. Flood risk was computed by combining hazard, exposure, and vulnerability using hydrodynamic modeling and the Analytic Hierarchy Process method. We have compared flood risk in 1995, 2019, and 2040. Although flood risk increases with urbanization, population density, and the number of hospitals in the flood plain, especially in the coastal region, the area exposed to high and very high risks decreases due to a reduction in poverty rate. This study can provide a theoretical framework supporting climate change related to risk assessment in other metropolitan regions. Methodologically, it underlines the importance of using satellite imagery and the continuity of data in the planning-related decision-making process.

Integrated use of GPS and GLONASS in Support of the Redesign of Road Networks

2001 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed El-Mowafy
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Networks ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Phase Measurements ◽  
Road Map ◽  
Gps Satellites ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Impact

An integrated GPS/GLONASS system was employed in this study to support the re-design of road networks and the adjustment of traffic control. The system was used to update road maps, and to determine the velocity and acceleration of a test vehicle. The vehicle ran along the traffic stream at designated times of a day, for specific time spans, to identify traffic conditions in urban areas of uncontrolled intersections such as roundabouts. Issues addressed included: transformation of GLONASS satellite coordinates from PZ-90 to WGS-84, the presence of the receiver clock error in the GLONASS double-differenced measurements, and the impact of the carrier wavelength variation on the ambiguity resolution. Two tests were carried out in an urban environment using the combined GPS/GLONASS system. The first test included updating a road map of a test area by an RTK approach. Results were checked by comparing them with an accurate map of the area, previously determined by conventional methods. The second test comprised determining position, velocity and acceleration of a moving vehicle representing the traffic flow for a selected area. Different solution schemes were investigated, including: RTK, DGPS, and post-processing of phase measurements. The impact of GLONASS augmentation and the quality of GPS satellites on solution feasibility and accuracy were also examined. Test results showed the benefits of adopting the integrated approach. These included: improving productivity and economics of map production, and improving availability, integrity, and accuracy of determining the velocity and acceleration, linked to positions on the road networks.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT ANALYSIS OF THE NOISE SCREENS ON THE EXAMPLE OF A TRANSPORT INTERCHANGE IN THE CITY OF OMSK

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 286-301
Author(s):  
D. A. Shevelev ◽  
V. V. Sirotiuk ◽  
E. A. Gerashchenko ◽  
E. A. Stepanova
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Residential Development ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Protection Structures

Introduction. Noise pollution is one of the three most significant environmental disruptions in the world. In urban areas, the main source of noise is road transport, which accounts up to 80% of all noise. Noise protection measures are an integral part of the design both at the feasibility study stage and during a project development. In the conditions of cramped urban development, high density of the road network and the shortage of free territories, it is more appropriate to use noise protection structures in the form of roadside noise (acoustic) screens - vertical walls that are installed as close as possible to the highway. However, as the experience has shown, in operating conditions, noise screens do not always fully fulfill their protective function. This article presents a critical analysis of the effectiveness of the noise screens installation on the example of a traffic interchange on 15th Rabochaia in Omsk.Materials and methods. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the design solutions for the installation of noise screens and the execution of these solutions was carried out with two methods. The first method is calculating. The calculation of the noise impact from the traffic flow on the residential development was carried out according to the methodology of ODM 218.2.013-2011 the Guidelines for the protection from traffic noise of territories adjacent to the roads. To perform the calculations, the content and intensity of the movement of transport at each section of the interchange was determined. The geometric parameters on the object are set. The second method is experimental. To confirm the calculation results, the full-scale measurements of the noise level at nine points at the indicated interchange were carried out.Results. Based on the results of the calculation it was concluded that the current noise protection structures do not fully fulfill their function. A residential development in the area under consideration is located in the noise discomfort zone. The results of field measurements are confirmed by calculated data. The article gives recommendations for correcting the shortcomings made in the design and construction of the noise screens.Conclusion. Considering the results of the research presented in this article and published earlier, it is advisable to consider the reconstruction of the transport interchange on 15th Rabochaia street in Omsk.Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

scholarly journals Flood Risk Assessment in an Underground Railway System under the Impact of Climate Change—A Case Study of the Barcelona Metro

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edwar Forero-Ortiz ◽  
Eduardo Martínez-Gomariz ◽  
Manuel Cañas Porcuna ◽  
Luca Locatelli ◽  
Beniamino Russo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Metro Systems ◽  
Flooding Events ◽  
The Impact

Flooding events can produce significant disturbances in underground transport systems within urban areas and lead to economic and technical consequences, which can be worsened by variations in the occurrence of climate extremes. Within the framework of the European project RESCCUE (RESilience to cope with Climate Change in Urban arEas—a multi-sectorial approach focusing on water), climate projections for the city of Barcelona manifest meaningful increases in maximum rainfall intensities for the 2100 horizon. A better comprehension of these impacts and their conditions is consequently needed. A hydrodynamic modelling process was carried out on Barcelona Metro Line 3, as it was identified as vulnerable to pluvial flooding events. The Metro line and all its components are simulated in the urban drainage models as a system of computational link and nodes reproducing the main physical characteristics like slopes and cross-sections when embedded in the current 1D/2D hydrodynamic model of Barcelona used in the project RESCCUE. This study presents a risk analysis focused on ensuring transport service continuity in flood events. The results reveal that two of the 26 stations on Metro Line 3 are exposed to a high risk of flooding in current rainfall conditions, and 11 of the 26 stations on Metro Line 3 are exposed to a high risk of flooding in future rainfall conditions for a 20-year return period event, which affects Metro service in terms of increased risk. This research gives insights for stakeholders and policymakers to enhance urban flood risk management, as a reasonable approach to tackle this issue for Metro systems worldwide. This study provides a baseline for assessing potential flood outcomes in Metro systems and can be used to evaluate adaptation measures’ effectiveness.

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