scholarly journals Combined Effect of Tides and Wind on Water Exchange in a Semi-Enclosed Shallow Sea

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiancheng Shang ◽  
Jian Sun ◽  
Lei Tao ◽  
Yuanyi Li ◽  
Zhenhua Nie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Half Life ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Numerical Models ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Laizhou Bay ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
Tracer Transport ◽  
Shallow Sea ◽  
The Bohai Sea

The Bohai Sea is a semi-enclosed shallow sea in China, where the tides and wind are the dominant factors contributing to the water exchange with the Yellow Sea. However, existing studies on this water exchange primarily consider only the effect of tidal action, neglecting the contribution of wind. In this study, numerical models were used to simulate the hydrodynamic processes and tracer transport, with the consideration of both tides and wind. Based on the models, the two time scales, age and half-life, are applied to study the water exchange in the Bohai Sea quantitatively. The results show that the age and half-life decrease significantly when wind is included in the simulation, revealing that wind is an important contributor to the water exchange in such a semi-enclosed shallow sea. Under the combined forcing of tides and wind, the water transport in the Bohai Sea becomes clockwise, in contrast with the counterclockwise transport driven by the tides only. The seasonal-varying wind leads to a fluctuation of water exchange in an annual cycle, with the stronger water exchange in the northern (Liaodong Bay) and the western (Bohai Bay) regions of the Bohai Sea in winter and in the southern part (Laizhou Bay) in summer.

scholarly journals Storm Surges in the Bohai Sea: The Role of Waves and Tides

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1509
Author(s):  
Yuanyi Li ◽  
Huan Feng ◽  
Guillaume Vigouroux ◽  
Dekui Yuan ◽  
Guangyu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Storm Surge ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Storm Surges ◽  
Wave Force ◽  
Laizhou Bay ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
Coastal Regions ◽  
The Bohai Sea ◽  
Tidal Phase ◽  
Set Up

A storm surge is a complex phenomenon in which waves, tide and current interact. Even though wind is the predominant force driving the surge, waves and tidal phase are also important factors that influence the mass and momentum transport during the surge. Devastating storm surges often occur in the Bohai Sea, a semi-enclosed shallow sea in North China, due to extreme storms. However, the effects of waves on storm surges in the Bohai Sea have not been quantified and the mechanisms responsible for the higher surges that affect part of the Bohai Sea have not been thoroughly studied. In this study, we set up a storm surge model, considering coupled effects of tides and waves on the surges. Validation against measured data shows that the coupled model is capable of simulating storm surges in the Bohai Sea. The simulation results indicate that the longshore currents, which are induced by the large gradient of radiation stress due to wave deformation, are one of the main contributors to the higher surges occurring in some coastal regions. The gently varying bathymetry is another factor contributing to these surges. With such bathymetry, the wave force direction is nearly uniform, and pushes a large amount of water in that direction. Under these conditions, the water accumulates in some parts of the coast, leading to higher surges in nearby coastal regions such as the south coast of the Bohai Bay and the west and south coasts of the Laizhou Bay. Results analysis also shows that the tidal phase at which the surge occurs influences the wave–current interactions, and these interactions are more evident in shallow waters. Neglecting these interactions can lead to inaccurate predictions of the storm surges due to overestimation or underestimation of wave-induced set-up.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal characteristics of the sea-ice volume of the Bohai Sea, China, in winter 2009/10

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (62) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengyu Liu ◽  
Wei Gu ◽  
Jinlong Chao ◽  
Lantao Li ◽  
Shuai Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Laizhou Bay ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
Temporal Characteristics ◽  
The Bohai Sea ◽  
Ice Volume ◽  
Radiation Theory ◽  
Spatio Temporal

AbstractTo investigate the spatio-temporal characteristics of sea-ice resource, we used sea-ice volume to measure the amount of sea-ice resource in the Bohai Sea, China. The sea-ice area was extracted from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) remote-sensing images using the zonal threshold method. The sea-ice thickness was estimated using a sea-ice model based on shortwave radiation theory and field measurements. The spatio-temporal characteristics of sea-ice volume were then analysed using GIS technology. The results indicate that the Bohai Sea experienced two sea-ice volume peaks in winter 2009/10. The largest sea-ice volume was in Liaodong Bay (∼80.26% of the entire sea-ice volume of the Bohai Sea). Bohai Bay had the second largest ice volume, and Laizhou Bay the smallest. The relationship between sea-ice volume and distance from shore is essentially exponential. The proportion of total sea-ice volume that is 0–10 km from shore is ∼42.43%, whereas the proportion that is 100–110 km from shore is only 0.002%.

Estimating submarine groundwater discharges of the Bohai Sea, China using radium, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes and salinity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hailong Li ◽  
Xiaolang Zhang ◽  
Xuejing Wang ◽  
Kai Xiao ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mass Balance ◽  
River Water ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Laizhou Bay ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
Fresh Groundwater ◽  
The Bohai Sea ◽  
Submarine Groundwater

<p>With an area of about 77,000 km<sup>2</sup>, the Bohai Sea includes three bays: Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay. In this study, <sup>228</sup>Ra, δD, δ<sup>18</sup>O and salinity data were collected from surface seawater in the entire Bohai Sea, river water, and groundwater along its coastline in August 2017. Based on the spatial distributions of δD, δ<sup>18</sup>O, and salinity in surface water in the entire Bohai Sea and δD-salinity relations, the marine hydrological processes were investigated and the members of river water and groundwater for δD and δ<sup>18</sup>O were determined. The steady-state mass-balance models of δD, δ<sup>18</sup>O and salinity are given and used to estimate submarine fresh groundwater discharges and the flushing times of the entire Bohai Sea and its three bays. Based on the results of the flushing times, the steady-state mass-balance model of <sup>228</sup>Ra is used to estimate submarine groundwater discharges of the entire Bohai Sea and its three bays.</p>

scholarly journals Geosynchronous Satellite GF-4 Observations of Chlorophyll-a Distribution Details in the Bohai Sea, China

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 5471
Author(s):  
Lina Cai ◽  
Juan Bu ◽  
Danling Tang ◽  
Minrui Zhou ◽  
Ru Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Seawater Temperature ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Geosynchronous Orbit ◽  
Laizhou Bay ◽  
Bohai Bay ◽  
The Bohai Sea ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
Chla Concentration

We analyzed the distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chla) in the Bohai Sea area based on data from the geosynchronous orbit optical satellite Gaofen-4 (GF-4), which was launched in 2015, carrying a panchromatic multispectral sensor (PMS). This is the first time the geosynchronous orbit optical satellite GF-4 remote-sensing data has been used in China to detect the Chla change details in the Bohai Sea. A new GF-4 retrieved model was established based on the relationship between in situ Chla value and the reflectance combination of 2 and 4 bands, with the R2 of 0.9685 and the total average relative error of 37.42%. Twenty PMS images obtained from 2017 to 2019 were applied to analyze Chla in Bohai sea. The results show that: (1) the new built Chla inversion model PMS-1 for the GF-4 PMS sensor can extract Chla distribution details in the Bohai Sea well. The high Chla content in the Bohai Sea is mainly located in coastal areas, such as the top of Laizhou Bay, Bohai Bay and Liaodong Bay, with the value being around 13 µg/L. The concentration of Chla in the Bohai Strait and northern Yellow Sea is relatively low with the value being around 5 µg/L. (2). Taking full advantage of the continuous observation of geostationary orbit satellite, GF-4 with a high-resolution sensor PMS of 50 m can effectively detect short-term change (changes within 10 min) in Chla concentration. The changes mainly appear at the southwest and northeast costal area as well as in the center of Bohai Sea with the change value of around 3 µg/L. (3) The change of Chla concentration in the Bohai sea is related to the environmental factors such as seawater temperature, salinity, illumination and nutrient salts, as well as the dynamic factors such as wind, flow field and tidal current.

scholarly journals Nitric oxide (NO) in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 4485-4496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Tian ◽  
Chao Xue ◽  
Chun-Ying Liu ◽  
Gui-Peng Yang ◽  
Pei-Feng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Surface Layer ◽  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Bottom Layer ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
The Bohai Sea ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Average Flux

Abstract. Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived compound of the marine nitrogen cycle; however, our knowledge about its oceanic distribution and turnover is rudimentary. Here we present the measurements of dissolved NO in the surface and bottom layers at 75 stations in the Bohai Sea (BS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) in June 2011. Moreover, NO photoproduction rates were determined at 27 stations in both seas. The NO concentrations in the surface and bottom layers were highly variable and ranged from below the limit of detection (i.e., 32 pmol L−1) to 616 pmol L−1 in the surface layer and 482 pmol L−1 in the bottom layer. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the mean NO concentrations in the surface (186±108 pmol L−1) and bottom (174±123 pmol L−1) layers. A decreasing trend of NO in bottom-layer concentrations with salinity indicates a NO input by submarine groundwater discharge. NO in the surface layer was supersaturated at all stations during both day and night and therefore the BS and YS were a persistent source of NO to the atmosphere at the time of our measurements. The average flux was about 4.5×10-16 mol cm−2 s−1 and the flux showed significant positive relationship with the wind speed. The accumulation of NO during daytime was a result of photochemical production, and photoproduction rates were correlated to illuminance. The persistent nighttime NO supersaturation pointed to an unidentified NO dark production. NO sea-to-air flux densities were much lower than the NO photoproduction rates. Therefore, we conclude that the bulk of the NO produced in the mixed layer was rapidly consumed before its release to the atmosphere.

scholarly journals Characterization of Bacterial Communities in Bioaerosols over Northern Chinese Marginal Seas and the Northwestern Pacific Ocean in Spring

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 903-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manman Ma ◽  
Yu Zhen ◽  
Tiezhu Mi
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Northwestern Pacific ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Marine Aerosols ◽  
Northwestern Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Bohai Sea

AbstractStudies of the community structures of bacteria in marine aerosols of different particle sizes have not been reported. Aerosol samples were collected using a six-stage bioaerosol sampler over the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, and northwestern Pacific Ocean in the spring of 2014. The diversity and composition of these samples were investigated by Illumina high-throughput sequencing, and 130 genera were detected in all of the samples; the most abundant bacterial genus was Bacteroides, followed by Prevotella and Megamonas. The Chao1 and Shannon diversity indices ranged from 193 to 1044 and from 5.44 to 8.33, respectively. The bacterial community structure in coarse particles (diameter larger than 2.1 μm) was more complex and diverse than that in fine particles (diameter less than 2.1 μm) in marine bioaerosols from over the Yellow Sea and northwestern Pacific Ocean, while the opposite trend was observed for samples collected over the Bohai Sea. Although we were sampling over marine regions, the sources of the bioaerosols were mostly continental. Temperature and wind speed significantly influenced the bacterial communities in marine aerosols of different particle sizes. There may be a bacterial background in the atmosphere in the form of several dominant taxa, and the bacterial communities are likely mixed constantly during transmission.

scholarly journals The silica-carbon biogeochemical cycle in the Bohai Sea and its responses to the changing terrestrial loadings

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Liu ◽  
Lex Bouwman ◽  
Jiaye Zang ◽  
Chenying Zhao ◽  
Xiaochen Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Riverine Input ◽  
The Bohai Sea ◽  
River Loads

Abstract. Silicon (Si) and carbon (C) play key roles in the river and marine biogeochemistry. The Si and C budgets for the Bohai Sea were established on the basis of measurements at a range of stations and additional data from the literature. The results show that the spatial distributions of reactive Si and organic C (OC) in the water column are largely affected by the riverine input, primary production and export to the Yellow Sea. Biogenic silica (BSi) and total OC in sediments are mainly from marine primary production. The major supply of dissolved silicate (DSi) comes from benthic diffusion, riverine input alone accounts for 17 % of reactive Si inputs to the Bohai Sea; the dominant DSi removal from the water column is diatom uptake, followed by sedimentation. Rivers contribute 47 % of exogenous OC inputs to the Bohai Sea; the dominant outputs of OC are sedimentation and export to the Yellow Sea. The net burial of BSi and OC represent 3.3 % and 1.0 % of total primary production, respectively. Primary production has increased by 10 % since 2002 as a result of increased river loads of DSi and BSi. Our findings underline the critical role of riverine Si supply in primary production in coastal marine ecosystems.

Fate, source and mass budget of sedimentary microplastics in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea

2022 ◽  
Vol 294 ◽  
pp. 118640
Author(s):  
Mingyu Zhang ◽  
Yan Lin ◽  
Andy M. Booth ◽  
Xikun Song ◽  
Yaozong Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Sea ◽  
Bohai Sea ◽  
The Yellow Sea ◽  
Mass Budget ◽  
The Bohai Sea
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