scholarly journals Dynamics and Distribution of Soil Salinity under Long-Term Mulched Drip Irrigation in an Arid Area of Northwestern China

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zilong Guan ◽  
Zhifeng Jia ◽  
Zhiqiang Zhao ◽  
Qiying You
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Upward Migration ◽  
Mulched Drip Irrigation

Mulched drip irrigation has been widely used in agricultural planting in arid and semi-arid regions. The dynamics and distribution of soil salinity under mulched drip irrigation greatly affect crop growth and yield. However, there are still different views on the distribution and dynamics of soil salinity under long-term mulched drip irrigation due to complex factors (climate, groundwater, irrigation, and soil). Therefore, the soil salinity of newly reclaimed salt wasteland was monitored for 9 years (2008–2016), and the effects of soil water on soil salinity distribution under mulched drip irrigation have also been explored. The results indicated that the soil salinity decreased sharply in 3–4 years of implementation of mulched drip irrigation, and then began to fluctuate to different degrees and showed slight re-accumulation. During the growth period, soil salinity was relatively high at pre-sowing, and after a period of decline soil salinity tends to increase in the late harvest period. The vertical distribution of soil texture had a significant effect on the distribution of soil salinity. Salt accumulated near the soil layer transiting from coarse soil to fine soil. After a single irrigation, the soil water content in the 30–70 cm layer under the cotton plant undergoes a ‘high–low–high’ change pattern, and the soil salt firstly moved to the deep layer (below 70 cm), and then showed upward migration tendency with the weakening of irrigation water infiltration. The results may contribute to the scientific extension of mulched drip irrigation and the farmland management under long-term mulched drip irrigation.

scholarly journals Variations of Soil Salinity and Cotton Growth under Six-Years Mulched Drip Irrigation

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1127
Author(s):  
Wenhao Li ◽  
Zhenhua Wang ◽  
Jinzhu Zhang ◽  
Ningning Liu
Keyword(s):  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Saline Soil ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Cotton Field ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Quota Management ◽  
Mulched Drip Irrigation

The lowering of salt content in the field, especially in arid areas, after consecutive application of mulched drip irrigation (MDI) is of vital importance for sustainable cotton plantation. To elucidate the effects of long-term MDI on soil properties and cotton growth, this paper systematically monitored the soil salinity, ion concentrations and the yield of cotton in the field using MDI consecutively for six years in a typical oasis in Xinjiang, China. The results showed that MDI could significantly change salt distribution in the cotton field. During the six years tested, the soil salt content using MDI declined fast at first, and then the decline rate gradually decreased. In the 1st and 2nd year, the average salt content within 0–100 cm soil layer was larger than 20 g kg−1, which belonging to the saline soil. Then the salt content decreased to 10–20 g kg−1 in the 3rd and 4th year, and the cotton field declined to heavily saline soil. After 5 years of MDI, the soil turned to non-salinized. The Cl− and SO42− equivalence ratio (CSER) also decreased with the increase of application years of MDI. Saline-alkaline land developed from chloride-sulphate solonchak (0.2 < CSER < 1) into sulphate solonchak (CSER < 0.2) after 6 years of MDI. The survival rate of the cotton increased from 1.48% (1 year of MDI) to 76.3% (6 years of MDI), and the yield increased from 72.43 kg ha−1 to 4515.48 kg ha−1. When the average CSER, SAR and the soil salinity in 0–140 cm soil layer decreased to 0.60, 0.98 (mol kg−1)0.5 and 6.25 g kg−1, farmers can achieve a balance between income and expenditure. Moreover, when CSER, SAR, and the soil salinity continuously decreased to 0.44, 0.69 (mol kg−1)0.5 and 0.77 g kg−1, the cotton yield will exceed the average production level of cotton in Xinjiang. Under the current irrigation schedule in the oasis irrigation area, the soil salinity and groundwater level after applying MDI could be conducive to cotton growth. However, this situation had also caused a waste of nearly 200 mm of water resources. Therefore, authors suggested that further research on water-saving irrigation systems suitable for different soil conditions should be carried out, and also the differential quota management in production practice should be adopted.

scholarly journals Effect of Planting Density on the Growth and Yield of Sunflower under Mulched Drip Irrigation

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Li ◽  
Qu ◽  
Chen ◽  
Yang ◽  
Huang
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Irrigation District ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Plant Spacing ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Mulched Drip Irrigation

A field experiment was conducted to test the suitability of growing sunflower undermulched drip irrigation with saline water in the HID (Hetao Irrigation District), North China. Theexperiment included five planting densities in which the plant spacing was 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 cmwith the same spacing (50 cm) between rows. The results indicated that mulched drip irrigationwith saline water was more water‐saving than traditional ground irrigation using fresh water, whilethe irrigation quota increased with the increase of planting density. Little difference of soilsalinization was found for the treatments in the 50–100 cm soil layer, which indicated that additionalmeasures should be taken for salt balance with saline water irrigation. The height and leaf area index(LAI) of sunflower increased in response to the increase of plant density, and the head dry mattertransferred to the stem at plant densities higher than 47,619 plants/hm2. Though the grain weightand 1000‐seed weight decreased with increasing plant density, the achene yield and biomassproduction increased. This research suggests that a plant spacing of 35 cm with 50 cm of row spacingis more suitable for sunflower mulched drip irrigation with saline water at concentrations of 3.0g∙L−1.

scholarly journals Impact of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and gross margin on fine-textured soils of the southern Victorian Mallee

2006 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 355 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Rodriguez ◽  
J. Nuttall ◽  
V. O. Sadras ◽  
H. van Rees ◽  
R. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Boron Toxicity ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Eastern Australia

The APSIM-Wheat module was used to investigate our present capacity to simulate wheat yields in a semi-arid region of eastern Australia (the Victorian Mallee), where hostile subsoils associated with salinity, sodicity, and boron toxicity are known to limit grain yield. In this study we tested whether the effects of subsoil constraints on wheat growth and production could be modelled with APSIM-Wheat by assuming that either: (a) root exploration within a particular soil layer was reduced by the presence of toxic concentrations of salts, or (b) soil water uptake from a particular soil layer was reduced by high concentration of salts through osmotic effects. After evaluating the improved predictive capacity of the model we applied it to study the interactions between subsoil constraints and seasonal conditions, and to estimate the economic effect that subsoil constraints have on wheat farming in the Victorian Mallee under different climatic scenarios. Although the soils had high levels of salinity, sodicity, and boron, the observed variability in root abundance at different soil layers was mainly related to soil salinity. We concluded that: (i) whether the effect of subsoil limitations on growth and yield of wheat in the Victorian Mallee is driven by toxic, osmotic, or both effects acting simultaneously still requires further research, (ii) at present, the performance of APSIM-Wheat in the region can be improved either by assuming increased values of lower limit for soil water extraction, or by modifying the pattern of root exploration in the soil profile, both as a function of soil salinity. The effect of subsoil constraints on wheat yield and gross margin can be expected to be higher during drier than wetter seasons. In this region the interaction between climate and soil properties makes rainfall information alone, of little use for risk management and farm planning when not integrated with cropping systems models.

Molecular Speciation of Phosphorus in Soil Under Various Long-Term Fertilization Regimes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Li ◽  
Qiuxiang Wen ◽  
Shiyu Zhang ◽  
Na Li ◽  
Jinfeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Pig Manure ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Soil P ◽  
N Fertilizers

Abstract Aims The objectives of this study were to examine the long-term substitution of mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizers with manure (M) plus nitrogen (N) fertilizers and how they affect the forms of P that occur in soil, soil P distribution, and plant growth.Methods We used a solution of 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between long-term fertilization regimes and the forms of P that occur at different soil depths. Then we investigated yield, plant growth, and soil properties.Results A 40-year field experiment showed that the use of M + N fertilizers can significantly improve plant growth and yield. The proportion of organic P in the 20-40 cm soil layer was significantly increased by long-term M fertilization. The concentrations of various forms of P (orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, diesters, monoesters, and total inositol hexakisphosphate, IHP) in topsoil increased significantly with the combination of M with N + P mineral fertilization. The addition of M greatly increased the stereoisomers of IHP (myo-IHP, scyllo-IHP, neo-IHP, and D-chiro-IHP) and the proportion and concentration of corrected diesters. There were no significant differences in the pyrophosphate contents of the 40-60 cm soil layer according to fertilization type and year of fertilization. There were also no significant differences in IHP stereoisomers and diesters according to fertilization year. The P forms that contributed to corn yield were orthophosphate, diester, and IHP. Further, pyrophosphate made no significant contribution to corn growth. Conclusions Over the long-term, pig manure can significantly increase the amount of orthophosphate that is directly absorbed by crops and the amount of IHP stereoisomers that can be used by plants. Orthophosphate and IHP are the two key factors that have a positive effect on plant growth.

scholarly journals Investigating the Proper Application Rate of Nitrogen under Mulched Drip Irrigation to Improve the Yield and Quality of Tomato in Saline Soil

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Jifeng Zhang ◽  
Zhenhua Wang ◽  
Bihang Fan ◽  
Yusheng Hou ◽  
Yunqing Dou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Water Content ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
N Application ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Mulched Drip Irrigation

Xinjiang is one of the most prolific tomato-planting areas in China. Here, we carried out a two-year (2017–2018) field experiment in Xinjiang to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) application rates on the spatial distribution of water and salt in the root zone, as well as their impacts on the yield and quality of tomatoes under mulched drip irrigation. The ideal ranges of N application rates for tomato yield and quality were examined under different salinity levels. Results indicated that soil water content and salinity increased with soil depth. Soil water content was closely related to soil salinity but not to N. Among the tested application rates, tomato yield was highest under the medium-high N (225–300 kg/ha) and low salt (4 g/kg) treatment. Under the highest salt level (10 g/kg), the low nitrogen treatment (150 kg/ha) was better than the high N treatment (300 kg/ha) at boosting tomato yield. Moreover, we found that salinity had a stronger effect on tomato quality than N. Based on these results, we were able to recommend ideal ranges for N (155–201 kg/ha) and salt (3.56–5.59 g/kg) while both are present in the soil.

Water Consumption Patterns and Crop Coefficient Models for Drip-Irrigated Maize (Zea mays L.) with Plastic Mulching in Northeastern China

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 571-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanjuan Wang ◽  
Jiandong Wang ◽  
Di Xu ◽  
Yanqun Zhang ◽  
Shihong Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Plastic Mulching ◽  
Mulched Drip Irrigation

Abstract. Our investigations into the water consumption patterns of maize ( L.) grown using surface drip irrigation with and without plastic mulching were based on three consecutive years (2014-2016) of field experiments in a typical area of northeastern China. We evaluated seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and how it was partitioned into soil evaporation (Es) and plant transpiration (Tp) during the season. Development of crop coefficient (Kc) prediction models was based on the growth day (GD) and leaf area index (LAI) of the crop, as well as the growing degree-days of air (GDDair) and soil (GDDsoil). Results showed that plastic mulching significantly reduced Es by 41.6 to 53.5 mm (p &lt; 0.05) compared to not mulching, while it increased Tp by 23.2 to 40.4 mm (p &gt; 0.05) for spring-planted maize. While plastic mulching normally reduced ETc during the crop growth period, the change was not significant (p &gt; 0.05). The three-year mean Kc for the maize growth period declined by 3.0% under plastic mulching. The mean Kc was lower for the plastic mulching treatment than for the non-mulching treatment in both the early and late season, while it was slightly higher at mid-season. The three-year means of mid-season Kc (Kc-mid) under plastic mulching and non-mulching were 1.06 and 1.05 lower, respectively, than the FAO-56 recommended value. In addition, the Kc estimation model based on GDDsoil achieved the best fitting accuracy. We recommend applying this GDDsoil model to mulched drip irrigation of maize in northeastern China to obtain more accurate Kc estimation for optimizing and developing mulched drip irrigation in this region. Keywords: Crop coefficient, Drip irrigation, Maize, Northeastern China, Plastic mulch.

scholarly journals Traffic and Tillage Effects on Soil Water Conservation and Winter Wheat Yield in the Loess Plateau, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-517
Author(s):  
Hao Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Infiltration ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Yearly Variation ◽  
Controlled Traffic

Abstract In semi-humid Loess Plateau of northern China, water is the limiting factor for rain-fed crop yields. In this region, long-term traditional ploughing with straw removal has resulted in poor soil structure, water conservation and crop yield. Controlled traffic, combined with no-till and straw cover has been proposed to improve soil water conservation and crop yield. From 1999 to 2007, a field experiment on winter wheat was conducted in the dryland area of Loess Plateau of northern China, to investigate the effects of traffic and tillage on soil water conservation and crop yield. The field experiment was conducted using two controlled traffic treatments, no tillage with residue cover and no compaction (NTCN), shallow tillage with residue cover and no compaction (STCN) and one conventional tillage treatment (CK). Results showed that controlled traffic system reduced soil compaction in the top soil layer, increased soil water infiltration. The benefit on soil water infiltration translated into more soil conservation (16.1%) in 0-100 cm soil layer in fellow period, and achieved higher soil water availability at planting (16.5%), with less yearly variation. Consequently, controlled traffic system increased wheat yield by 12.6% and improved water use efficiency by 5.2%, both with less yearly variation, compared with conventional tillage. Within controlled traffic treatments, no tillage treatment NTCN showed better overall performance. In conclusion, controlled traffic combined with no-tillage and straw cover has higher performance on conserving water, improving yield and water use efficiency. It is a valuable system for soil and water conservation for the sustainable development of agriculture in dryland China.

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