scholarly journals Water Balance Assessment under Different Glacier Coverage Scenarios in the Hunza Basin

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saroj Shrestha ◽  
Santosh Nepal
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
River Basin ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
River System ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Glacier Recession ◽  
J2000 Model ◽  
Hunza River ◽  
Total Discharge

The potential impact of glacier recession on river discharge from the Hunza river basin was estimated as an indicator for downstream changes in the Indus river system. The J2000 model was used to analyze the water balance in the basin and simulate the contribution of snow and ice melt to total discharge at present and under three scenarios of glacier recession. Precipitation was corrected using virtual weather stations created at a higher elevation and a precipitation gradient. Snowmelt from the whole basin contributed, on average, 45% of the total river discharge during the modeling period and 47% of the ice melt from the glacier area. Total ice melt declined by 55%, 81%, and 96% under scenarios of glacier recession to 4000, 4500, and 5000 masl, respectively. The contribution of ice melt to river discharge decreased to 29%, 14%, and 4% under the three scenarios, while total discharge from the Hunza river decreased by 28%, 40%, and 46%. The results suggest that glacier recession in the Hunza river basin could have serious implications for downstream water availability. Understanding melt contribution in the basin based on ongoing and projected future climatic change can play a crucial role in future water resource management.

scholarly journals Human and Natural Impacts on the Water Resources in the Syr Darya River Basin, Central Asia

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3084 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shan Zou ◽  
Abuduwaili Jilili ◽  
Weili Duan ◽  
Philippe Maeyer ◽  
Tim de Voorde
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
River Basin ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Sharp Decline ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Effective Water ◽  
Syr Darya

Water resources are increasingly under stress in Central Asia because downstream countries are highly dependent on upstream countries. Water is essential for irrigation and is becoming scarcer due to climate change and human activities. Based on 20 hydrological stations, this study firstly analyzed the annual and seasonal spatial–temporal changes of the river discharges, precipitation, and temperature in the Syr Darya River Basin and then the possible relationships between these factors were detected. Finally, the potential reasons for the river discharge variations have been discussed. The results show that the river discharges in the upper stream of the basin had significantly risen from 1930 to 2006, mainly due to the increase in temperature (approximately 0.3 °C per decade), which accelerated the melting of glaciers, while it decreased in the middle and lower regions due to the rising irrigation. In the middle of the basin, the expansion of the construction land (128.83 km2/year) and agricultural land (66.68 km2/year) from 1992 to 2015 has significantly augmented the water consumption. The operations of reservoirs and irrigation canals significantly intercepted the river discharge from the upper streams, causing a sharp decline in the river discharges in the middle and lower reaches of the Syr Darya River in 1973. The outcomes obtained from this study allowed us to understand the changes in the river discharges and provided essential information for effective water resource management in the Syr Darya River Basin.

scholarly journals Trend Analysis of Hydroclimatic Variables in the Kamo River Basin, Japan

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1782 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maochuan Hu ◽  
Takahiro Sayama ◽  
Sophal TRY ◽  
Kaoru Takara ◽  
Kenji Tanaka
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
River Basin ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Kendall Test ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Significant Trend ◽  
Mann Kendall Test ◽  
Proactive Measures

Understanding long-term trends in hydrological and climatic variables is of high significance for sustainable water resource management. This study focuses on the annual and seasonal trends in precipitation, temperature, potential evapotranspiration, and river discharge over the Kamo River basin from the hydrological years 1962 to 2017. Homogeneity was examined by Levene’s test. The Mann–Kendall and a modified Mann–Kendall test as well as Sen’s slope estimator were used to analyze significant trends (p < 0.05) in a time series with and without serial correlation and their magnitudes. The results indicate that potential evapotranspiration calculated by the Penman–Monteith equation was highly related to temperature, and significantly increased in the annual and summer series. Annual river discharge significantly decreased by 0.09 m3/s. No significant trend was found at the seasonal scale. Annual, autumn, and winter precipitation at Kumogahata station significantly increased, while no significant trend was found at Kyoto station. Precipitation was least affected by the modified Mann–Kendall test. Other variables were relatively highly autocorrelated. The modified Mann–Kendall test with a full autocorrelation structure improved the accuracy of trend analysis. Furthermore, this study provides information for decision makers to take proactive measures for sustainable water management.

scholarly journals Watershed Modelling of the Mindanao River Basin in the Philippines Using the SWAT for Water Resource Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 626-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Adal Guiamel ◽  
Han Soo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Resource Management ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Precipitation Data ◽  
Average Growth

This study aims to simulate the watershed of the Mindanao River Basin (MRB) to enhance water resource management for potential hydropower applications to meet the power demand in Mindanao with an average growth of 3.8% annually. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used with inputs for geospatial datasets and weather records at four meteorological stations from DOST-PAGASA. To overcome the lack of precipitation data in the MRB, the precipitation records were investigated by comparing the records with the global gridded precipitation datasets from the NCDC-CPC and the GPCC. Then, the SWAT simulated discharges with the three precipitation data were calibrated with river discharge records at three stations in the Nituan, Libungan and Pulangi rivers. Due to limited records for the river discharges, the model results were, then, validated using the proxy basin principle along the same rivers in the Nituan, Libungan, and Pulangi areas. The R2 values from the validation are 0.61, 0.50 and 0.33, respectively, with the DOST-PAGASA precipitation; 0.64, 0.46 and 0.40, respectively, with the NCDC-CPC precipitation; and 0.57, 0.48 and 0.21, respectively, with the GPCC precipitation. The relatively low model performances in Libungan and Pulangi rivers are mainly due to the lack of datasets on the dam and water withdrawal in the MRB. Therefore, this study also addresses the issue of data quality for precipitation and data scarcity for river discharge, dam, and water withdrawal for water resource management in the MRB and show how to overcome the data quality and scarcity.

scholarly journals Estimation of discharge from Langtang River basin, Rasuwa, Nepal, using a glacio-hydrological model

2014 ◽  
Vol 55 (66) ◽  
pp. 223-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niraj S. Pradhananga ◽  
Rijan B. Kayastha ◽  
Bikas C. Bhattarai ◽  
Tirtha R. Adhikari ◽  
Suresh C. Pradhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Glacier Area ◽  
Monsoon Period ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
The Future ◽  
Total Discharge

AbstractThis paper provides the results of semi-distributed positive degree-day (PDD) modelling for a glacierized river basin in Nepal. The main objective is to estimate the present and future discharge from the glacierized Langtang River basin using a PDD model (PDDM). The PDDM is calibrated for the period 1993–98 and is validated for the period 1999–2006 with Nash–Sutcliffe values of 0.85 and 0.80, respectively. Furthermore, the projected precipitation and temperature data from 2010 to 2050 are obtained from the Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Norway, for the representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario. The Weather Research and Forecasting regional climate model is used to downscale the data from the Norwegian Earth System Model general circulation model. Projected discharge shows no significant trend, but in the future during the pre-monsoon period, discharge will be high and the peak discharge will be in July whereas it is in August at present. The contribution of snow and ice melt from glaciers and snowmelt from rocks and vegetation will decrease in the future: in 2040–50 it will be just 50% of the total discharge. The PDDM is sensitive to monthly average temperature, as a 2°C temperature increase will increase the discharge by 31.9%. Changes in glacier area are less sensitive, as glacier area decreases of 25% and 50% result in a change in the total discharge of –5.7% and –11.4%, respectively.

scholarly journals Snow cover dynamics and hydrological regime of the Hunza River basin, Karakoram Range, Northern Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2821-2860 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Tahir ◽  
P. Chevallier ◽  
Y. Arnaud ◽  
B. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Indus River ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basin Area ◽  
Hunza River

Abstract. A major proportion of flow in the Indus River is contributed by its snow- and glacier-fed river catchments situated in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges. It is therefore essential to understand the cryosphere dynamics in this area for water resource management. The MODIS MOD10A2 remote-sensing database of snow cover products from March 2000 to December 2009 was selected to analyse the snow cover changes in the Hunza River basin (the snow- and glacier-fed sub-catchment of the Indus River). A database of daily flows for the Hunza River at Dainyor Bridge over a period of 40 years and climate data (precipitation and temperature) for 10 years from three meteorological stations within the catchment was made available to investigate the hydrological regime in the area. Analysis of remotely sensed cryosphere (snow and ice cover) data showed a slight expansion of snow cover in the area in contrast to most of the regions in the world where glaciers are melting rapidly. This increase in snow cover may be the result of an increase in winter precipitation caused by westerly circulation. The impact of global warming is not effective because a large part of the basin area lies under high altitudes where the temperature remains negative throughout most of the year.

scholarly journals Snow cover dynamics and hydrological regime of the Hunza River basin, Karakoram Range, Northern Pakistan

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 2275-2290 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. Tahir ◽  
P. Chevallier ◽  
Y. Arnaud ◽  
B. Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Hydrological Regime ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Indus River ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Basin Area ◽  
Hunza River

Abstract. A major proportion of flow in the Indus River is contributed by its snow- and glacier-fed river catchments situated in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges. It is therefore essential to understand the cryosphere dynamics in this area for water resource management. The MODIS MOD10A2 remote-sensing database of snow cover products from March 2000 to December 2009 was selected to analyse the snow cover changes in the Hunza River basin (the snow- and glacier-fed sub-catchment of the Indus River). A database of daily flows for the Hunza River at Dainyor Bridge over a period of 40 yr and climate data (precipitation and temperature) for 10 yr from three meteorological stations within the catchment was made available to investigate the hydrological regime in the area. Analysis of remotely sensed cryosphere (snow and ice cover) data during the last decade (2000–2009) suggest a rather slight expansion of cryosphere in the area in contrast to most of the regions in the world where glaciers are melting rapidly. This increase in snow cover may be the result of an increase in winter precipitation caused by westerly circulation. The impact of global warming is not effective because a large part of the basin area lies under high altitudes where the temperature remains negative throughout most of the year.

scholarly journals Salmonella genomics and population analyses reveal high inter- and intra- serovar diversity in freshwater

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abigail M. Deaven ◽  
Christina M. Ferreira ◽  
Elizabeth A. Reed ◽  
Jeremy R. Chen See ◽  
Nora A. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
River Basin ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
River System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Population Diversity ◽  
Foodborne Illness ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Susquehanna River ◽  
Susquehanna River Basin

Freshwater can support the survival of the enteric pathogen Salmonella, though temporal Salmonella diversity in a large watershed has not been assessed. At 28 locations within the Susquehanna River basin, 10-liter samples were assessed in spring and summer over two years. Salmonella prevalence was 49%, and increased river discharge was the main driver of Salmonella presence. The amplicon-based sequencing tool, CRISPR-SeroSeq, was used to determine serovar population diversity and detected 25 different Salmonella serovars, including up to ten serovars from a single water sample. On average there were three serovars per sample, and 80% of Salmonella-positive samples contained more than one serovar. Serovars Give, Typhimurium, Thompson, and Infantis were identified throughout the watershed and over multiple collections. Seasonal differences were evident: serovar Give was abundant in the spring, while serovar Infantis was more frequently identified in the summer. Eight of the ten serovars most commonly associated with human illness were detected in this study. Crucially, six of these serovars often existed in the background, where they were masked by a more abundant serovar(s) in a sample. Serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium, especially, were masked in 71% and 78% of samples where they were detected, respectively. Whole genome sequencing-based phylogeny demonstrated that strains within the same serovar collected throughout the watershed were also very diverse. The Susquehanna River basin is the largest system where Salmonella prevalence and serovar diversity has been temporally and spatially investigated and this study reveals an extraordinary level of inter- and intra-serovar diversity. Importance Salmonella is a leading cause of bacterial foodborne illness in the United States, and outbreaks linked to fresh produce are increasing. Understanding Salmonella ecology in freshwater is of importance, especially where irrigation practices or recreational use occur. As the third largest river in the United States east of the Mississippi, the Susquehanna River is the largest freshwater contributor to the Chesapeake Bay, and the largest river system where Salmonella diversity has been studied. Rainfall, and subsequent high river discharge rates were the greatest indicator of Salmonella presence in the Susquehanna and its tributaries. Several Salmonella serovars were identified, including eight commonly associated with foodborne illness. Many clinically important serovars were present at a low frequency within individual samples so could not be detected by conventional culture methods. The technologies employed here reveal an average of three serovars in a 10-liter sample of water, and up to 10 serovars in a single sample.

scholarly journals Water balance changes in response to climate change in the upper Hailar River Basin, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1023-1035
Author(s):  
Junfang Liu ◽  
Baolin Xue ◽  
Yinglan A ◽  
Wenchao Sun ◽  
Qingchun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Absolute Magnitude ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Hydrological Balance ◽  
Changing Climate

Abstract Projected climate change will have a profound effect on the hydrological balance of river basins globally. Studying water balance modification under changing climate conditions is significant for future river basin management, especially in certain arid and semiarid areas. In this study, we evaluated water balance changes (1981–2011) in the upper Hailar River Basin on the Mongolian Plateau. To evaluate the hydrological resilience of the basin to climate change, we calculated two Budyko metrics, i.e. dynamic deviation (d) and elasticity (e). The absolute magnitude of d reflects the ability of a basin to resist the influence of climate change and maintain its stable ecological function, whereas parameter e is used to assess whether a basin is hydrologically elastic. Results revealed modification of the hydrological balance during the study period has manifested as a decreasing trend of runoff and runoff-precipitation ratio. Correspondingly, basin-averaged evapotranspiration has also shown a decreasing trend, attributable mainly to precipitation. Furthermore, the calculated elasticity (e = 8.03) suggests the basin has high hydrological resilience, which indicates the basin ecosystem may maintain its hydrological function to a certain extent under a changing climate. The results of this study could assist water resource management in the study area and the prediction of ecosystem response to future climate change.

scholarly journals Operational reservoir inflow forecasting with radar altimetry: the Zambezi case study

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 9615-9644 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. I. Michailovsky ◽  
P. Bauer-Gottwein
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Data Assimilation ◽  
River Basin ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
River System ◽  
River Basin Management ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Radar Altimetry

Abstract. River basin management can greatly benefit from short-term river discharge predictions. In order to improve model produced discharge forecasts, data assimilation allows for the integration of current observations of the hydrological system to produce optimal forecasts and reduce prediction uncertainty. Data assimilation is widely used in operational applications to update hydrological models with in situ discharge or level measurements. In areas where timely access to in situ data is not possible, remote sensing data products can be used in assimilation schemes. While river discharge itself cannot be measured from space, radar altimetry can track surface water level variations at crossing locations between the satellite ground track and the river system called virtual stations (VS). Use of radar altimetry in operational settings is complicated by the low temporal resolution of the data (between 10 and 35 days revisit time at a VS depending on the satellite) as well as the fact that the location of the measurements is not necessarily at the point of interest. Combining radar altimetry from multiple VS with hydrological models could overcome these limitations. In this study, a rainfall runoff model of the Zambezi River Basin is built using remote sensing datasets and used to drive a routing scheme coupled to a simple floodplain model. The Extended Kalman filter is used to update the states in the routing model with data from 9 Envisat VS. Model fit was improved through assimilation with Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiencies increasing from 0.21 to 0.63 and from 0.82 to 0.87 at the outlets of two distinct watersheds. However, model reliability was poor in one watershed with only 54% and 55% of observations falling in the 90% confidence bounds, for the deterministic and assimilation runs respectively, pointing to problems with the simple approach used to represent model error.

EVALUASI POTENSI SUMBERDAYA AIR SUNGAI UNTUK PENGAIRAN DI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT DAN BANTEN

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ig. Setyawan Purnama
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
River Water ◽  
River Basin ◽  
River Discharge ◽  
River Basins ◽  
West Java ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Balance Calculation ◽  
Water Surplus

The objectives of this research are to calculate river water potency and irrigation need in West Java and Banten, and evaluate its water balance. Calculation of river water potency is based on river discharge data in each river basins, whereas calculation of water need for agriculture is based on area width and irrigation need. The result of the research shows that the highest river water potency in West Java is in Cisadane-Ciliwung River Basins about 3119.81 million m3/year. The lowest river water potency is in downstream Citarum River Basin about 383.55 million m3/year. In Banten, the highest river water potency is in Cisadeg-Cikuningan River Basins about 4476.32 million m3/year, whereas thelowest is in Labuhan Merak River Basin about 596.33 million m3/year. According to water balance evaluation, the water balance of two provinces are also variative. In West Java, Upstream Citarum River Basin and Downstream Citarum River Basin almost get water defi cit in along year. In Banten, water defi cit in river basins just happen in several month. Base on water surplus, there are no river basin in West Java that get water surplus along year. In Banten, Ciujung River Basin get water surplus along year.Key words : river water, irrigation, river basin

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