scholarly journals Seasonal Surface Runoff Characteristics in the Semiarid Region of Western Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China—A Case of the Alun River Basin

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Jinbai Huang ◽  
Kotaro Tagawa ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Jiawei Wen ◽  
Jingcai Wang
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Heilongjiang Province ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Annual Means

Water resource issues are a challenging area of research in semiarid regions of the world. The objective of the current study was to reveal the main characteristics of seasonal surface runoff for the semiarid western Heilongjiang Province of China. The Alun River Basin, which has hydrological and meteorological characteristics of the local region, was adopted as the study location. A distributed rainfall-runoff combined with snowmelt hydrological model was used to carry out the runoff calculation for the six years (2011–2016). The results indicated that: The mean annual runoff coefficient was 0.34; snowmelt runoff accounted for 2.2% of annual total runoff in 2011–2016; the main part of annual rainfall and runoff was concentrated in the rainy season from June to September, the proportions of rainfall and runoff in this period were 78% and 86% to that of the annual means of 2011–2016; the peak flow represents a decreased trend since 2013, and evidently decreased in 2015 and 2016; less annual precipitation complex with paddy field retention of rainwater and runoff led to the peak flow and annual runoff coefficient in 2016 were obviously lower than that of annual means of 2011–2016. The results are expected to provide the basis for rational development and utilization of surface runoff, and further researches on surface runoff and water resources of the semiarid western Heilongjiang Province of China.

Assessment of surface runoff depth changes in Sǎrǎţel River basin, Romania using GIS techniques

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Costache Romulus ◽  
Fontanine Iulia ◽  
Corodescu Ema
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Runoff Depth ◽  
Gis Environment ◽  
Quantitative Changes ◽  
Scs Cn

AbstractSǎrǎţel River basin, which is located in Curvature Subcarpahian area, has been facing an obvious increase in frequency of hydrological risk phenomena, associated with torrential events, during the last years. This trend is highly related to the increase in frequency of the extreme climatic phenomena and to the land use changes. The present study is aimed to highlight the spatial and quantitative changes occurred in surface runoff depth in Sǎrǎţel catchment, between 1990–2006. This purpose was reached by estimating the surface runoff depth assignable to the average annual rainfall, by means of SCS-CN method, which was integrated into the GIS environment through the ArcCN-Runoff extension, for ArcGIS 10.1. In order to compute the surface runoff depth, by CN method, the land cover and the hydrological soil classes were introduced as vector (polygon data), while the curve number and the average annual rainfall were introduced as tables. After spatially modeling the surface runoff depth for the two years, the 1990 raster dataset was subtracted from the 2006 raster dataset, in order to highlight the changes in surface runoff depth.

scholarly journals A non-stationary model for reconstruction of historical annual runoff on tropical catchments under increasing urbanization (Yaoundé, Cameroon)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Jourdan ◽  
Valérie Borrell-Estupina ◽  
David Sebag ◽  
Jean-Jacques Braun ◽  
Jean-Pierre Bedimo Bedimo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Distributed Model ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Experimental Modelling ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Inter-tropical regions are nowadays faced to major land-use changes in data-sparse context leading to difficulties to assess hydrological signatures and their evolution. This work is part of the theme Panta Rhei of the IAHS, and aims to develop a combined approach of data acquisition and a new semi-distributed model taking into account land-use changes to reconstruct and predict annual runoff on an urban catchment. Applications were conducted on the Mefou catchment at Nsimalen (421 km2; Yaoundé, Cameroon) under rapid increase in urbanization since 1960. The data acquisition step combines an historical data processing and a short-term spatially-dense dedicated instrumentation (2017–2018), leading to 12 donor catchments, 6 from historical studies and 6 from the instrumentation presenting various topographic, soil and land-use characteristics. We developed an annual rainfall-runoff model based on mathematical relationships similar to the SCS model. The model needs the definition of a hydrological index I which is time variable and enables to take into account land-use changes and non-stationary relationships between rainfall and runoff. The index I is an empirical indicator defined as a combination of several components such as topography, soil, and land-use. The rules for the construction of I are obtained from data analysis on donor catchments. Then, the model was calibrated on donor catchments. Finally, two applications were conducted on eight target catchments composing the Mefou in order: (i) to study the spatial hydrological functioning and calculate the water balance during the short instrumentation period; (ii) to reconstruct the hydrograph at the Mefou and to simulate the impact of future scenarios of land-use and urbanization. Results show that that the Mfoundi catchment, integrating the three more urbanized sub-catchments, contributes near to 40 % of the Mefou despite covering only 23 % of the basin. The most urbanized sub-catchments present annual runoff coefficient about 0.86 against 0.24 for the most natural sub-catchments. The second result is the reconstruction of historical annual runoff from 1930–2017 with r2 = 0.68, RMSE = 99 mm and a mean absolute normalized error Ē = 14.5 % over the 29 observed years. The reconstruction of the annual runoff at Nsimalen confirms the moderate impact of urbanization on annual runoff before 1980. However, a decrease of about 50 % of the forest cover and an increase from 10 % to 35 % of the urban area between 1980 and 2017 are associated with an increase of 53 % of annual runoff coefficient for the Mefou at Nsimalen (0.44 against 0.29). Application for a fictive plausible scenario of urbanization in 2030 leads to an increase of more than 85 % of the annual runoff in comparison of the values observed in 1980. The coupled experimental-modelling approach proposed herein opens promising perspectives regarding the evaluation of the annual runoff in catchments under changes.

The Brigalow Catchment Study: II. Clearing brigalow (Acacia harpophylla) for cropping or pasture increases runoff

Soil Research ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 496 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Thornton ◽  
B. A. Cowie ◽  
D. M. Freebairn ◽  
C. L. Playford
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Error ◽  
New South ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Average Annual Runoff ◽  
Paired Catchment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

The Brigalow Catchment Study (BCS) was established to determine the impact on hydrology when brigalow land is cleared for cropping and grazing. The paired catchment study was commenced in 1965 using catchments of approximately 15 ha, with natural vegetation dominated by brigalow scrub (Acacia harpophylla). Three contiguous catchments were selected near Theodore in central Queensland to represent the extensive brigalow bioregion of central and southern Queensland and northern New South Wales (~40 Mha). The hydrology of the 3 catchments was characterised during a 17-year calibration period (1965–81). The catchments were considered hydrologically similar, with sufficient data available for an empirical comparison between catchments. In 1982, two of the catchments were cleared, with one developed for cropping and the other sown to improved pasture. The third catchment was used as an uncleared control. Hydrologic characteristics were then compared for the following 21 years. In their virgin state, the catchments behaved similarly, with average annual runoff being 5% of annual rainfall. Once cleared, total runoff from the cropping catchment increased to 11% of annual rainfall and total runoff from the pasture catchment increased to 9% of annual rainfall; however, timing of the individual runoff events varied between land uses. In order to confirm that changes in hydrology were a function of land use and not just seasonal variability or sampling error, several analytic techniques were used: a simple comparison of runoff totals, comparison of events, comparison of probability of exceedance for daily runoff, and comparison of predicted and observed runoff using a water balance modelling approach.

scholarly journals ESTIMATION OF ANNUAL RUNOFF AND PEAK FLOW AT NAZANIN CATCHMENT IN ERBIL, KURDISTAN REGION USING DIFFERENT APPROACHES

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2E) ◽  
pp. 96-116
Author(s):  
Yaseen Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Watershed Modeling ◽  
Curve Number ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Soil Conservation Service ◽  
Watershed Delineation ◽  
Average Annual Rainfall ◽  
Composite Curve

Runoff is excess rainfall or a portion of rainfall that flows over the watershed. In un-gauged streams, due to lack of data, many methods are used for runoff estimation. In this paper annual runoff and peak flow of Nazanin watershed were estimated at Nazanin Dam location using different methods. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method, basin relation, (Hydrologic Engineering Center – Hydrologic Modeling System) HEC-HMS and Hydrologic engineering center (HEC-1) models were provided. The Watershed Modeling System (WMS) package was used for watershed delineation and computation of curve number. The area of Nazanin catchment is 72.14 km2, and the composite curve number is 81.3. The results of average annual rainfall estimated using the basin relationship method are more than that obtained from SCS method. The results of peak flood discharge for different return periods using different approaches such as SCS method, HEC-HMS and HEC-1 models are very close. But the results of basin relation are lower than SCS method. From the results of comparison, it was observed that HEC-HMS and HEC-1 models can be used for generation flood hydrograph at ungagged watershed.

scholarly journals Post-flood field investigation of the June 2020 flash flood in the upper Muráň River basin and the catastrophic flash flood scenario

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 288-299
Author(s):  
Pavla Pekárová ◽  
Jakub Mészáros ◽  
Pavol Miklánek ◽  
Ján Pekár ◽  
Cyril Siman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Extreme Precipitation ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Flash Flood ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Precipitation Event ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
River Profiles

Abstract After a dry spring, in June 2020 several intense storms occurred at the headwaters of the small basins of the Muráň and Zdychava rivers in the territory of the Muránska planina National Park (Slaná River basin, Slovakia). In the first part of the study– according to a hydrological survey made by the authors after the flash flood – the peak discharge was reconstructed at several Muráň River profiles. Next, the flash flood waves were reconstructed by the rainfall-runoff model NLC (non-linear cascade). The results of modelling based on field investigations show that, despite the extreme precipitation event (108 mm per 1 hour at the precipitation gauging station at Predná Hora), the peak flow rates were not exceptional in selected profiles on the Muráň River. The fact that extreme precipitation above 120 mm fell in a relatively very small area at the division of the Muráň and Zdychava rivers’ water contributed to this result. In the second part, a catastrophic 1000-year rainfall event scenario on the Zdychava River basin has been prepared. In analysing time series and identifying T-year daily rainfall depths, daily data was used from six precipitation stations in the vicinity of Muránska planina. Then, the 1000-year discharge of the Zdychava at Revúca was simulated by the calibrated NLC model. In such an extreme precipitation scenario, the peak flow rate would reach 105.15 m3 s−1, i.e. with a specific runoff of 1.78 m3 s−1 km–2. The total runoff in an 18-hour period would be 1.119 million m3, representing 21.11% of the rainfall (5.301 million m3).

scholarly journals Impacts of Climate Change and Human Activities on the Surface Runoff in the Wuhua River Basin

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengdong Zhang ◽  
Luwen Wan ◽  
Caiwen Dong ◽  
Yichun Xie ◽  
Chuanxun Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Land Use Type ◽  
Cultivated Land ◽  
Temperature And Precipitation ◽  
Impacts Of Climate Change

The impacts of climate change and human activities on the surface runoff in the Wuhua River Basin (hereinafter referred to as the river basin) are explored using the Mann–Kendall trend test, wavelet analysis, and double-mass curve. In this study, all the temperature and precipitation data from two meteorological stations, namely, Wuhua and Longchuan, the measured monthly runoff data in Hezikou Hydrological Station from 1961 to 2013, and the land-cover type data in 1990 and 2013 are used. This study yields valuable results. First, over the past 53 years, the temperature in the river basin rose substantially, without obvious changes in the average annual precipitation. From 1981 to 2013, the annual runoff fluctuated and declined, and this result is essentially in agreement with the time-series characteristics of precipitation. Second, both temperature and precipitation had evidently regular changes on the 28a scale, and the annual runoff changed on the 19a scale. Third, forestland was the predominant land use type in the Wuhua river basin, followed by cultivated land. Major transitions mainly occurred in both land-use types, which were partially transformed into grassland and construction land. From 1990 to 2013, cultivated land was the most active land-use type in the transitions, and construction land was the most stable type. Finally, human activities had always been a decisive factor on the runoff reduction in the river basin, accounting for 85.8%. The runoff in the river basin suffered most heavily from human activities in the 1980s and 1990s, but thereafter, the impact of these activities diminished to a certain extent. This may be because of the implementation of water loss and soil erosion control policies.

Impact of changing rainfall conditions on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed in Greece

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-125
Keyword(s):  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Annual Runoff ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Regime ◽  
Winter Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Depth ◽  
Rainfall Volume ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Groundwater Reserves ◽  
The Impact

The present study concerns the impact of a change in the rainfall regime on surface and groundwater resources in an experimental watershed. The research is conducted in a gauged mountainous watershed (15.18 km2) that is located on the eastern side of Penteli Mountain, in the prefecture of Attica, Greece and the study period concerns the years from 2003 to 2008. The decrease in the annual rainfall depth during the last two hydrological years 2006-2007, 2007-2008 is 10% and 35%, respectively, in relation to the average of the previous years. In addition, the monthly distribution of rainfall is characterized by a distinct decrease in winter rainfall volume. The field measurements show that this change in rainfall conditions has a direct impact on the surface runoff of the watershed, as well as on the groundwater reserves. The mean annual runoff in the last two hydrological years has decreased by 56% and 75% in relation to the average of the previous years. Moreover, the groundwater level follows a declining trend and has dropped significantly in the last two years.

scholarly journals Evaluation of water loss in transit and surface runoff in a Brazilian semi-arid basin

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Cristian Epifanio Toledo ◽  
João Carlos Mohn Nogueira ◽  
Alexandre De Amorim Camargo
Keyword(s):  
Water Loss ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Heterogeneous Environments ◽  
Runoff Coefficient ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Reservoir Basin ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Semi Arid

The objective of this work was to propose and evaluate a model to estimate transit water losses and surface runoff in a Brazilian semi-arid basin, fundamental components in the hydrological studies of the region, such as in the verification of hydrological connectivity. The study area was the Orós Reservoir Basin, located in the state of Ceará. The modeling of transit water loss and surface runoff were developed based on the work of Araújo and Ribeiro (1996) and Peter et al. (2014). In the proposed model, the parameter of loss in transit (k) was estimated at 0.027 km-1 for a section of the river basin, and when simulated for other stretches it provided good flow results at the end of the stretch, obtaining an NSE of 82%. The value of the runoff coefficient was estimated at 3% and when evaluating a spatial variation of this coefficient in the basin, the values varied from 2% to 12%, and the use of specialized runoff coefficient (RC) values promoted a higher NSE in the discharge simulation in the basin. It is concluded that the proposed model to estimate transit water losses and surface runoff demonstrated a high efficiency in the simulation of hydrological processes. The basin of Orós reservoir presented a high variability of the coefficient of surface runoff, justifying the need for a greater spatiality of this coefficient in heterogeneous environments.

THE OASIS SOIL TYPE CHANGE AND ITS FRACTAL IN MANASI RIVER BASIN BETWEEN 1987–2006, ARID NORTHWESTERN CHINA / MANASI UPĖS BASEINO SAUSRINGOJE ŠIAURĖS VAKARŲ KINIJOJE OAZIŲ DIRVOŽEMIO TIPŲ POKYČIAI IR FRAKTALAI 1987–2006 M

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pujia Yu ◽  
Hailiang Xu ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Xinfeng Zhao ◽  
Qingqing Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Stability Index ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Arid Northwestern China ◽  
Type Change ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Soil Changes

During the past 20 years, great landscape changes took place in the northwest of China. Landscape change resulted in soil type transformations. This paper discusses the changes and fractal of soil types in oasis. In order to do it, the soil type maps of Manasi River Basin in 1987 and 2006 were used. 13 types of soil and 2 types of land-use were classified and analyzed in the study area. Results indicated many variations in characteristics. Firstly, all soil types underwent remarkable changes from 1987 to 2006 in the study area: the identified changed area was about 30% or 6506.33 km2. Secondly, in comparison with 1987, in 2006 2/3 of the area's soil types increased, while 1/3 decreased. Rapid expansion of Aquicambids (415.28 km2), and rapid decrease of Petrocambids (797.05 km2) and Aquisalids (415.93 km2) were the noticeable findings. Furthermore, Haplocambids obtained largest gains from other soil types, while Petrocambids lost largest area to other types. Additionally, the fractal relationship objectively existed between the perimeter and area of soil patches. The fractal dimension of Aquisalids, Petrocalcids and Ustifluvents became higher and their shapes became more complex during this period. The stability index was higher in 2006 which indicated that the spatial structure of soil type was more stable than in 1987. These chaotic and occasional changes were largely caused by human activities and natural conditions. Consequently, environmental managers should pay more attention to soil changes in the arid and semiarid region. Santrauka Per pastaruosius 20 metų šiaurės vakarų Kinijoje įvyko didelių kraštovaizdžio pokyčių, lėmusių ir dirvožemio tipų pakitimus. Remiantis 1987–2006 m. Manasi upės baseino dirvožemio žemėlapiais, aptariami dirvožemio tipų pokyčiai ir fraktalai oazėse. Pasirinktoje teritorijoje išskirta ir analizuota 13 dirvožemio tipų ir dvejopa žemėnauda. Nustatyta daug kintamųjų parametrų. Pirma, tirtõs teritorijos visų tipų dirvožemiai nuo 1987 iki 2006 m. žymiai pakito. Nustatytoji pokyčių zona apima apie 30 % teritorijos, arba 6 506,32 km2. Antra, palyginti su 1987 m., 2006 m. 10 dirvožemio tipų teritorija padidėjo, o 5 tipų sumažėjo. Sparčiai padidėjo Aquicambids (415,28 km2), sparčiai sumažėjo Petrocambids (797,05 km2) ir Aquisalids (415,93 km2), pokyčiai buvo žymūs. Iš visų kitų pakitusių dirvožemių tipų Haplocambids plotai padidėjo daugiausia, o labiausiai, palyginti su kitais, sumažėjo Petrocambids plotai. Be to, pastebėta, kad tarp dirvožemio teritorijos plotų ir perimetrų objektyviai egzistuoja fraktalinės sąsajos. Fraktalinės dimensijos Aquisalids, Petrocalcids ir Ustifluvents per minėtą laikotarpį padidėjo, o jų formos tapo sudėtingesnės. Stabilumo indeksas 2006 m. buvo didesnis. Tai rodė, kad erdvinė dirvožemio struktūra mažai pakito, tapo stabilesnė, palyginti nei buvo 1987 m. Šiuos atsitiktinius pokyčius iš esmės lėmė žmogaus veikla ir gamtinės sąlygos. Prieita prie išvados, kad sausojo ar pusiau sauso klimato regionuose kraštotvarkos vykdytojai dirvožemio pokyčiams turėtų skirti daugiau dėmesio.

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