scholarly journals Urban Watercourses in Peril: Implications of Phthalic Acid Esters on Aquatic Ecosystems Caused by Urban Sprawl

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Jayaweera ◽  
Gimhani Danushika ◽  
Nilanthi Bandara ◽  
Janith Dissanayake ◽  
Buddhika Gunawardana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Urban Sprawl ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Household Products ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters

Urban sprawl worldwide warrants the use of large quantities of industrial and household products containing phthalic acid esters (PAEs) resulting in adverse impacts on the quality of aquatic life in urban watercourses. The presence of six PAEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), and di(n-octyl) phthalate (DnOP)) in 22 shallow urban watercourses in Colombo and suburbs of Sri Lanka was investigated. The average concentrations of DEP, DBP, BBP, and DEHP in all watercourses varied between 2.5–265.0, 1.0–32.0, 61–108, and 12–165 µg/L, respectively. DMP and DnOP were below the limits of quantification (DMP-0.5 µg/L, DnOP-1.0 µg/L) for all watercourses. DEHP was the most abundant PAE in many watercourses. The significant factors affecting the ubiquitous presence of PAEs in watercourses are the inherent properties of each PAE, presence of industrial and household products with great potential for the migration of PAEs in the sub-catchments, and quality of the receiving water. The contamination levels of PAEs in most of the watercourses are alarmingly high, as evidenced by higher concentrations of DEHP and DBP than those of Canadian permissible levels for the protection of aquatic life (16 and 19 µg/L). This study was the first effort in Sri Lanka to investigate the presence of PAEs in urban watercourses.

scholarly journals Detection of phthalic acid esters in the packaging films of meat products

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. S59-S64
Author(s):  
Soňa Bogdanovičová ◽  
Alžbeta Jarošová ◽  
Josef Kameník
Keyword(s):  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Packaging Films ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters

The contents of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were monitored in materials used for packaging films of meat products. A printed sample and a non-printed sample were taken from each of the packaging films analysed, the sample area being 1 dm2, to determine whether or not there is increased presence of phthalates in printed packaging films compared to non-printed packaging films, and to assess possible risks arising from their use. The determination of DBP and DEHP was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with the Zorbax Eclipse C8 column and UV detection at a wavelength of 224 nm. Concentrations of phthalates ranged from 2.18 to 81.33 µg∙dm-2 in printed samples and from 2.25 to 69.88 µg∙dm-2 in those without printing. This study shows different contents of phthalates in printed and non-printed areas of packaging films. The printed area had in most cases a higher content of phthalates probably due to the content of the substances in the printing colours.

scholarly journals Research on Phthalic Acid Esters Removal and Its Health Risk Evaluation by Combined Process for Secondary Effluent of Wastewater Treatment Plant

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Simin Li ◽  
Yongkang Lv ◽  
Na Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Combined Process ◽  
Acid Esters

This paper analyses the treatment effect of the “coagulation-sedimentation-O3-biological sand filtration-GAC” combined process on phthalic acid esters in secondary effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plant and meanwhile evaluate its health risk. The results indicated that when the concentrations of DBP and DiOP in secondary effluent were at range of 0.41 mg/L–0.814 mg/L and 0.23 mg/L–0.36 mg/L, the average total removal rates of DBP and DiOP were 85.10% and 68.11%, and the average concentration of DBP and DiOP in effluent were 0.089 mg/L and 0.091 mg/L, respectively. The quality of the effluent met the requirement of the ornamental scenic environment water inThe Quality of Urban Wastewater Recycling and Scenic Environment Water (GB/T 18921-2002), and the health risks of DBP and DiOP in effluent were at range of 1.99 × 10−12 –2.15 × 10−12/a and 1.48 × 10−11 –1.85 × 10−11/a, respectively, which is lower than the acceptable maximum risk level: 1.0 × 10−6.

scholarly journals Distribution of phthalic acid esters in agricultural plants and soil

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Zorníková ◽  
A. Jarošová ◽  
L. Hřivna
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Zea Mays ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Acid Esters

The study observed the occurrence of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in the soil and agricultural crops (Triticum aestivum, Brassica napus, Zea mays) and their distribution to the individual parts. For the experiment were selected 4 locations in central Moravia. At two locations (L1, L2) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown, at the third location (L3) winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and at the fourth location (L4) flint corn (Zea mays). The soil samples (n = 72) and whole plant samples (n = 78) were collected during the vegetation. The aboveground and underground parts of plants, ears, siliques and seeds were analyzed separately.The values of DBP in soil at all areas ranged from 0.28 to 1.59 mg.kg−1 of dry matter and DEHP < 0.03 to 0.73 mg.kg−1 of dry matter. The soil at the L4 site, which was the most fertilized with organic fertilizers, especially manure, was detected significantly (P < 0.05) to show the highest values of both the PAEs (phthalic acid esters) observed (DBPL4 1.59 ± 0.07 mg.kg−1 of dry matter, DEHPL4 0.73 ± 0.18 mg.kg−1 of dry matter).Average concentrations measured in underground parts of monitored crops ranged from 1.68 to 14.26 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DBP, and 0.12 to 10.34 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DEHP. Values detected in aboveground parts were 0.03 to 8.84 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DBP, and 0.25 to 4.59 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DEHP. Average values of DBP in final products ranged from 0.05 to 0.83 mg.kg−1 of dry matter, and < 0.06 to 0.98 mg.kg−1 of dry matter for DEHP.

scholarly journals Phthalic Acid Esters: Natural Sources and Biological Activities

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
Ling Huang ◽  
Xunzhi Zhu ◽  
Shixing Zhou ◽  
Zhenrui Cheng ◽  
Kai Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Dimethyl Phthalate ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are a class of lipophilic chemicals widely used as plasticizers and additives to improve various products’ mechanical extensibility and flexibility. At present, synthesized PAEs, which are considered to cause potential hazards to ecosystem functioning and public health, have been easily detected in the atmosphere, water, soil, and sediments; PAEs are also frequently discovered in plant and microorganism sources, suggesting the possibility that they might be biosynthesized in nature. In this review, we summarize that PAEs have not only been identified in the organic solvent extracts, root exudates, and essential oils of a large number of different plant species, but also isolated and purified from various algae, bacteria, and fungi. Dominant PAEs identified from natural sources generally include di-n-butyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, etc. Further studies reveal that PAEs can be biosynthesized by at least several algae. PAEs are reported to possess allelopathic, antimicrobial, insecticidal, and other biological activities, which might enhance the competitiveness of plants, algae, and microorganisms to better accommodate biotic and abiotic stress. These findings suggest that PAEs should not be treated solely as a “human-made pollutant” simply because they have been extensively synthesized and utilized; on the other hand, synthesized PAEs entering the ecosystem might disrupt the metabolic process of certain plant, algal, and microbial communities. Therefore, further studies are required to elucidate the relevant mechanisms and ecological consequences.

scholarly journals Degradation of dibutyl phthalate by Paenarthrobacter sp. Shss isolated from Saravan landfill, Hyrcanian Forests, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shariati ◽  
C. Ebenau-Jehle ◽  
A. A. Pourbabaee ◽  
H. A. Alikhani ◽  
M. Rodriguez-Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Ester ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Disposal Site ◽  
In Vitro Assays ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Hyrcanian Forests ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Phthalic Acid Ester ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters

AbstractPhthalic acid esters are predominantly used as plasticizers and are industrially produced on the million ton scale per year. They exhibit endocrine-disrupting, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on wildlife and humans. For this reason, biodegradation, the major process of phthalic acid ester elimination from the environment, is of global importance. Here, we studied bacterial phthalic acid ester degradation at Saravan landfill in Hyrcanian Forests, Iran, an active disposal site with 800 tons of solid waste input per day. A di-n-butyl phthalate degrading enrichment culture was established from which Paenarthrobacter sp. strain Shss was isolated. This strain efficiently degraded 1 g L–1 di-n-butyl phthalate within 15 h with a doubling time of 5 h. In addition, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, mono butyl phthalate, and phthalic acid where degraded to CO2, whereas diethyl hexyl phthalate did not serve as a substrate. During the biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate was identified in culture supernatants by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In vitro assays identified two cellular esterase activities that converted di-n-butyl phthalate to mono-n-butyl phthalate, and the latter to phthalic acid, respectively. Our findings identified Paenarthrobacter sp. Shss amongst the most efficient phthalic acid esters degrading bacteria known, that possibly plays an important role in di-n-butyl phthalate elimination at a highly phthalic acid esters contaminated landfill.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Removal of Selected Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants Supported by Constructed Wetlands

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (22) ◽  
pp. 6966
Author(s):  
Daniel Wolecki ◽  
Barbara Trella ◽  
Fei Qi ◽  
Piotr Stepnowski ◽  
Jolanta Kumirska
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Euonymus Europaeus ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have a negative impact on living organisms in the environment, therefore, are among the group of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds (ECDs). Unfortunately, conventional methods used in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) are not designed to eliminate PAEs. For this reason, the development of cheap and simple but very effective techniques for the removal of such residues from wastewater is crucial. The main aim of this study was the evaluation of the removal of six selected PAEs: diethyl phthalate (DEP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dimethyl phthalate (DMP), in real MWWTPs supported by constructed wetlands (MWWTP–CW system). For the first time, the possibility of using three new plants for this purpose, Cyperus papyrus (papyrus), Lysimachia nemorum (yellow pimpernel) and Euonymus europaeus (European spindle), has been presented. For determining the target PAEs in wastewater samples, a method of SPE (Solid-Phase Extraction)–GC–MS(SIM) was developed and validated, and for plant materials, a method of UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction)–SPE–GC–MS(SIM) was proposed. The obtained data showed that the application of the MWWTP–CW system allows a significant increase in the removal of DEP, DBP, BBP and DEHP from the wastewater stream. Euonymus europaeus was the most effective among the tested plant species for the uptake of analytes (8938 ng × g−1 dry weight), thus, this plant was found to be optimal for supporting conventional MWWTPs.

scholarly journals Excellent Degradation Performance of a Versatile Phthalic Acid Esters-Degrading Bacterium and Catalytic Mechanism of Monoalkyl Phthalate Hydrolase

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuanghu Fan ◽  
Junhuan Wang ◽  
Yanchun Yan ◽  
Jiayi Wang ◽  
Yang Jia
Keyword(s):  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Catalytic Mechanism ◽  
Catalytic Triad ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Degrading Bacterium ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Key Residues ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters

Despites lots of characterized microorganisms that are capable of degrading phthalic acid esters (PAEs), there are few isolated strains with high activity towards PAEs under a broad range of environmental conditions. In this study, Gordonia sp. YC-JH1 had advantages over its counterparts in terms of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) degradation performance. It possessed an excellent degradation ability in the range of 20–50 °C, pH 5.0–12.0, or 0–8% NaCl with the optimal degradation condition 40 °C and pH 10.0. Therefore, strain YC-JH1 appeared suitable for bioremediation application at various conditions. Metabolites analysis revealed that DEHP was sequentially hydrolyzed by strain YC-JH1 to mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) and phthalic acid (PA). The hydrolase MphG1 from strain YC-JH1 hydrolyzed monoethyl phthalate (MEP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP), mono-n-hexyl phthalate (MHP), and MEHP to PA. According to molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation between MphG1 and monoalkyl phthalates (MAPs), some key residues were detected, including the catalytic triad (S125-H291-D259) and the residues R126 and F54 potentially binding substrates. The mutation of these residues accounted for the reduced activity. Together, the mechanism of MphG1 catalyzing MAPs was elucidated, and would shed insights into catalytic mechanism of more hydrolases.

Biodegradation of Di-n-Butyl Phthalate and Di-2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate in Freshwater Hydrosoil

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Thomas Johnson ◽  
William Lulves
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Butyl Phthalate ◽  
Layer Chromatography ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Acid Esters

The phthalic acid esters di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) which are used as plasticizers and recovered in routine chemical analysis of freshwater fish, were incorporated into freshwater hydrosoil in the laboratory. Samples containing about 1 mg/liter of these two esters, 14C (carbonyl) labelled, were incubated aerobically and anaerobically for 1, 5, 7, 14, and 30 days. Differences in the rates and conditions of degradation of the two esters were marked. Under aerobiosis, 53% of the radio-labelled DBP was degraded within 24 h, and 98% within 5 days; DEHP, in contrast, was only 50% degraded after 14 days. Under anaerobiosis degradation of both esters was retarded. DBP was degraded only one-sixth as fast in hydrosoil overlayed with nitrogen whereas degradation of DEHP was not detected. Our evidence from both thin-layer chromatography and radiorespirometry suggests that the esters undergo decarboxylation after initial hydrolysis, probably to the 1,2-dihydroxybenzene molecule.

Determination of phthalic acid esters in imitation jewellery and investigation of their migration risk

2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 647-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying LAI ◽  
Zongping HUANG ◽  
Xiuxiu GE ◽  
Rui LIN ◽  
Hexiu CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Acid Esters

Chemodynamics, transport behaviour and treatment of phthalic acid esters in municipal landfill leachates

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Bauer ◽  
R. Herrmann ◽  
A. Martin ◽  
H. Zellmann
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Phthalic Acid ◽  
Phthalic Acid Esters ◽  
Landfill Leachates ◽  
Transport Behaviour ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate ◽  
Dissolved Phase ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Long Chain

Large amounts of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are leached from plastics dumped at municipal landfills. This leachate transports PAEs either adsorbed on particulate matter or in dissolved phase. Dissolved organic macromolecules, mainly humic-like substances, enhance the solubility of PAEs. In the biochemical environments of municipal landfills short chain PAEs can be degraded by base-catalyzed hydrolysis or by microorganisms which enzymatically split the side chains. However, there is no cleavage of the aromatic ring. Long chain PAEs like di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate are neither degraded abiotically nor by microorganisms. Hence, these PAEs can be leached and washed out of leaky landfills into the groundwater and thus continue to be a threat to the aquatic environment. Only a combined UV radiation/ozonation treatment is capable of fully destroying PAEs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document