scholarly journals Commercial Tanker Water Demand in Amman, Jordan—A Spatial Simulation Model of Water Consumption Decisions under Intermittent Network Supply

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Zozmann ◽  
Christian Klassert ◽  
Katja Sigel ◽  
Erik Gawel ◽  
Bernd Klauer
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Markets ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The City

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is confronted with a severe freshwater crisis shaped by excess water demand and intermittent public supply. In Jordan’s capital and most populous city, Amman, the pervasive water shortage gave rise to private tanker water operations, which transport groundwater from wells in the vicinity of the city and sell it to urban consumers. These tanker water markets have received little attention in the literature up to date, particularly with regard to their relevance for commercial water users. This paper aims to empirically estimate the water demand of commercial establishments in Amman under public supply rationing and to assess to which extent tanker operations contribute to meeting commercial water needs. Building on a prior simulation model of residential water consumption, the results of three extensive surveys concerned with tanker water markets and various geographic data, we develop a spatial agent-based model of the water consumption behavior of commercial establishments in different sizes. According to our estimation, 35–45% of the overall water volume consumed by the commercial sector stems from tanker operations, depending on the season. We find that the local disparities in access to affordable network water, along with the dispersion of groundwater wells around the city, result in considerable spatial differences in tanker water consumption. The outcome of this analysis could be relevant for policy attempting to enhance freshwater sustainability in Jordan.

Drainage and sewage system performance – Consequences of reductions in toilet flush volume

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 576-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabella P Valencio ◽  
Orestes M Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
System Performance ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Sewage System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to evaluate impacts of reducing toilet flush volume from 6.8 to 4.8 Lpf with laboratory and field studies. In laboratory, 260 tests were performed including water consumption, waste removal and solid transport tests, in 20 different toilets produced by national and international manufacturers. These tests demonstrated that a simple reduction in flush tank water level was not a viable solution for reducing flush volume, due to flush energy loss. Toilets are designed to work with certain water volume, and reducing this volume without studying the consequences that this could cause, can make with the toilet fail. Toilets approved according the standards ABNT NBR15097, ABNT NBR15491 and ASMEA112.19.2 were installed in 10 houses. The monitoring of water consumption and sewage system videos were conducted during eight months. When 6.8-Lpf toilets were installed, the average toilet water consumption was 16.6L/inhabitant/day. For 4.8-Lpf toilets, this value increased to 17.6. The number of flushes/person/day increased after toilets replacement, indicating that users applied successive flushes. Videos showed blockages in sewage system horizontal pipes. Findings from this study suggest that low-flush toilets do not decrease total water use, and may result in increased water use. In addition, they can cause clogging and solid deposit on sewage system. Practical application: Many management failures have affected the world water availability. Water demand has increased with population growth, and unless the equilibrium between water demand and supply is restored, the world will face increasing water shortage. However, it is essential to study the way of reducing water consumption. Without an effective analysis, instead of bringing benefits to population, water consumption reduction can lead to clogging and negative consequences on sewage system performance, causing disorder to them. It is recommended that manufacturers did not reduce the toilet water consumption without a study on the impact caused on the sewage systems, as well as designers should be careful when specifying sanitary appliances.

scholarly journals Causes and Effects of Water Consumption Drop by the Population of Cities in Poland - Selected Aspects

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (27) ◽  
pp. 67-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Gorączko ◽  
Rafał Pasela
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
City Population ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
The City ◽  
Daily Water Consumption

Abstract The article presents, with an example of four cities of various size, a phenomenon of a drop in water consumption by the city population in Poland. The paper draws on 1995-2012 official statistics. A significant decrease in household water consumption was observed, which refers to both the total water volume used by households as well as the average daily water consumption per resident. The article also determines the most essential factors affecting the amount of water consumed, out of which the price of water appears to be of the most significant one.

Quantitative assessment of residential water end uses and greywater generation in the City of Al Ain

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rezaul K. Chowdhury ◽  
Walid El-Shorbagy ◽  
Mwafag Ghanma ◽  
Assem El-Ashkar
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Logistic Distribution ◽  
Water Abundance ◽  
Internal Water ◽  
Al Ain ◽  
The City ◽  
Water Uses ◽  
End Uses

Diversification of water sources and water demand reduction are two vital tools in maintaining the security of urban water supplies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Reuse of greywater for non-potable end uses can be an effective alternative, but this resource has not yet received much attention in the UAE. Since the generation of greywater significantly differs from country to country – depending on age, gender, habits, lifestyle, living standards and the degree of water abundance – an attempt was made to estimate internal water consumption and greywater generation in the city of Al Ain, UAE. The frequency and water requirement for personal water uses (e.g. showers, ablutions, teeth brushing, hand washing, face washing and toilet flushing) and family water uses (e.g. laundry, dish washing and house cleaning) were estimated from about 100 villa-type detached homes randomly distributed across the city. A frequency analysis was carried out using normal, lognormal, gamma and logistic distribution. The estimated average generation rate of greywater was found to be 192 litres per capita per day, which is about 69% of the average internal water consumption. The generated greywater originates from showers (49%), ablutions (18%), laundry (10%) and washbasins (23%). Based on average quantities, it was shown that the generated greywater is sufficient to fulfil the non-potable water demand in houses, but further, more rigorous, investigation is required.

KARAKTERISTIK POLA PEMAKAIAN DAN PELAYANAN AIR BERSIH DI WILAYAH USAHA PAM PT. TIRTAARTHA BUANAMULIA

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
I B. Suryadmaja ◽  
I N. Norken ◽  
I G.B. Sila Dharma
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Water Usage ◽  
Educational Facilities ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Requirements ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Average Water

Abstract : The purpose of this study is to determine how the pattern of usage, behavior and water services in the areas of business of  PAM PT.Tirtaartha Buanamulia (PT.TB) using qualitative descriptive methods such as survey research instrument (observation) and questionnaires of 337 samples, consisting of domestic water consumption and non- domestic . The result of the analysis showed that the average water consumption in some parts of sub-district of Kuta (Kedonganan village, Tuban village and Kuta village), the business area of PAM PT. TB, amounts to 243.49 liters /person /day. Average water use in the District of South Kuta (Pecatu village, Ungasan village, Kutuh village, Benoa vilage, Tanjung Benoa village and Jimbaran village) amounts 168.01 liters/person/day. Calculation of water demand for star hotels based on the results of the study on average is 726.84 liters /room/ day and non-star hotels 43.85 liters/room/day, the need of water for the restaurant and the restaurant is based on the research of 18.85 liters/seat/day, water usage for educational facilities based on the results of the study amounted to 9.99 liters/person/day, the water requirements for health facilities based on the research needs 562.13 liters /bed/day. The amount of non- domestic water needs based on research results which was 72.69 % of the domestic water needs, is the basis for the provision of water by PAM PT. TB at this time and in the future. The analysis of the results showed that the community of water users in the area of business PAM PAM PT. TB had a good perception of the PAM service; this is evidenced by the level of customer satisfaction to achieve 73.07 % PAM services for domestic and non- domestic 100 %. This study also showed the willingness of subscribers received 10 % increase in the tariff.

scholarly journals Barriers and opportunities for behavior change in managing high water demand in water scarce Indigenous communities: an Australian perspective

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-773
Author(s):  
Safaa Aldirawi ◽  
Regina Souter ◽  
Cara D. Beal
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
High Water ◽  
Indigenous Community ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Household Water

Abstract Managing water demand by reducing water consumption and improving water use efficiency has become essential for ensuring water security. This research aimed to identify the primary determinants of household water consumption in an Australian Indigenous community to develop evidence-based water demand management policies and strategies that might be implemented by the water service provider. A behavior change framework was applied to investigate the opportunity, ability, and motivational determinants affecting household water consumption and conservation in an Australian Indigenous community. The lack of water conservation knowledge and skills of high water users could be barriers to saving water. Low water users have positive attitudes towards water conservation and a higher level of awareness about their own water use. While there is a lack of a belief that water shortages will occur, low water users do have concerns of vulnerability to droughts, and that could be a driver for their sense of obligation to engage in water conservation practices. The research recommended communication messages and tools to address identified barriers to enabling positive changes to water use behaviors, which have wider applications in remote Australian Indigenous communities.

Strategic Research on Urban Stormwater Resource Utilization in the Resource Water Shortage Cities - Base on Stormwater Data of 58 Resource Water Shortage Cities

2013 ◽  
Vol 777 ◽  
pp. 380-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Fu Huang ◽  
Jing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
City Population ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The City

Based on the resource water shortage cities as the research object in this paper, we use the factor analysis method to evaluate the degree of water shortage in the resource water shortage cities, while these factors include the unit of GDP water consumption, the unit of industrial output water consumption, per capita water resource, the city population, per capita domestic water consumption and the average annual rainfall. We also take Tianjin, which is most seriously lacking water resource, as a case study, and the case reveals the importance of urban stormwater utilization in the resource water shortage cities. Finally, we propose some strategic measures to utilize urban stormwater resource in the resource water shortage cities.

Influencing attitudes and changing consumers' household water consumption behaviour

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Cary
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Major Element ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Delivery ◽  
Water Users ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Behaviour Models ◽  
Changing Attitudes

Programs for demand management have become critical following extended water shortage in Australia. Changing attitudes is a major element of water conservation programs. Information and education are likely to be necessary but not sufficient components of any program for behaviour change. A combination of factors is needed to promote water saving behaviour. Changing the behaviours of less responsive water users requires a better understanding of what shapes water conservation behaviours. Programs and conservation behaviour models need to take account of both ‘internal’ influences, such as attitudes and habits, and ‘external’ influences, such as the water delivery environment, pricing and social norms for water use.

Water consumption in a public swimming pool

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1304-1311
Author(s):  
Marco Maglionico ◽  
Irena Stojkov
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Swimming Pool ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Daily Attendance ◽  
The City ◽  
Average Daily Attendance ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

Swimming pools are heavy consumers of potable water and energy in cities. Despite this, the lack of monitoring requirements produces a lack of references for their water consumption. This paper aims to fill this gap by presenting a case-study water consumption analysis of a public swimming pool in the city of Bologna (Italy). After upgrading the water fixtures and filters in summer 2012, consumption and attendance at the Cá Selvatica swimming pool were monitored. With an average daily attendance of 88.6 people/day, taking into account both personal and technical consumption, an overall per capita consumption of about 96.1 l/person/day was determined. The water demand for personal uses only (showers, toilets, etc.) was found to be about 44.6 l/person/day. These values can be used to assess retrofitting benefits and water consumption benchmarks.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document