scholarly journals The Influence of Hyporheic Exchange on Water Temperatures in a Headwater Stream

Water ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Christopher Surfleet ◽  
Justin Louen
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Temperature Response ◽  
Headwater Stream ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Heat Transfers

A headwater stream in coastal California was used to evaluate the temperature response of effective shade reduction. Spatial distribution of stream water temperatures for summer low-flow conditions (<0.006 m3 s−1) were highly correlated with net radiation and advective heat transfers from hyporheic exchange and subsequent streambed conduction. Using a heat budget model, mean maximum stream water temperatures were predicted to increase by 1.7 to 2.2 °C for 50% and 0% effective shade scenarios, respectively, at the downstream end of a 300 m treatment reach. Effects on mean maximum stream water temperature changes, as water flowed downstream through a 500 m shaded reach below the treatment reach, were reduced by 52 to 30% from the expected maximum temperature increases under the 50% and 0% effective shade scenarios, respectively. Maximum stream water temperature change predicted by net radiation heating alone was greater than measured and heat-budget-estimated temperatures. When the influence of hyporheic water exchange was combined with net radiation predictions, predicted temperatures were similar to measured and heat-budget-predicted temperatures. Results indicate that advective heat transfers associated with hyporheic exchange can promote downstream cooling following stream water temperature increases from shade reduction in a headwater stream with cascade, step-pool, and large woody debris forced-pool morphology.

scholarly journals Quantifying spatial and temporal discharge dynamics of an event in a first order stream, using distributed temperature sensing

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 1945-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Westhoff ◽  
T. A. Bogaard ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Flow Conditions ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Understanding the spatial distribution of discharge can be important for water quality and quantity modeling. Non-steady flood waves can, particularly as a result of short high intensity summer rainstorms, influence small headwater streams significantly. The aim of this paper is to quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of stream flow in a headwater stream during a summer rainstorm. These dynamics include gains and losses of stream water, the effect of bypasses that become active and hyporheic exchange fluxes that may vary over time as a function of discharge. We use an advection-dispersion model coupled with an energy balance model to simulate in-stream water temperature, which we compare with high resolution temperature observations obtained with Distributed Temperature Sensing. This model was used as a learning tool to stepwise unravel the complex puzzle of in-stream processes subject to varying discharge. Hypotheses were tested and rejected, which led to more insight in the spatial and temporal dynamics in discharge and hyporheic exchange processes. We showed that, for the studied stream infiltration losses increase during a small rain event, while gains of water remained constant over time. We conclude that, eventually, part of the stream water bypassed the main channel during peak discharge. It also seems that hyporheic exchange varies with varying discharge in the first 250 m of the stream; while further downstream it remains constant. Because we relied on solar radiation as the main energy input, we were only able to apply this method during a small summer storm and low flow conditions. However, when additional (artificial) energy is available, the presented method is also applicable in larger streams, during higher flow conditions or longer storms.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STREAM WATER TEMPERATURE AND AMBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANIEL A. CLUIS
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Heat Budget ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Stochastic Fluctuations ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Cyclic Variations

The water temperature of streams and rivers is required for various practical purposes and is frequently obtained by calculating the heat budget. This method is tedious and yields rather inaccurate values of the water temperature. This paper presents an alternative approach using cheap and simple means to measure air temperatures, which are believed to be a major factor controlling the water temperature. It is demonstrated that a useful separation can be made between the seasonal cyclic variations and the daily stochastic fluctuations of these temperatures.

scholarly journals Quantifying spatial and temporal discharge dynamics of an event in a first order stream, using Distributed Temperature Sensing

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 2175-2205
Author(s):  
M. C. Westhoff ◽  
T. A. Bogaard ◽  
H. H. G. Savenije
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Temperature Sensing ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Balance Model ◽  
Rain Event ◽  
Distributed Temperature Sensing ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. Understanding spatial distribution of discharge can be important for water quality and quantity modeling. Non-steady flood waves can influence small headwater streams significantly, particularly as a result of short high intensity summer rainstorms. The aim of this paper is to quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of stream flow in a headwater catchment during a summer rainstorm. These dynamics include gains and losses of stream water, the effect of bypasses that become active and hyporheic exchange fluxes that may vary over time as a function of discharge. We use an advection-dispersion model coupled with an energy balance model to simulate in-stream water temperature, which we confront with high resolution temperature observations obtained with Distributed Temperature Sensing. This model was used as a learning tool to stepwise unravel the complex puzzle of in-stream processes subject to varying discharge. Hypotheses were tested and rejected, which led to more insight in spatial and temporal dynamics in discharge and hyporheic exchange processes. We showed that infiltration losses increase during a rain event, while gains of water remained constant over time. We conclude that, eventually, part of the stream water bypassed the main channel during peak discharge. It also seems that hyporheic exchange varies with varying discharge in the first 250 of the stream; while further downstream it remains constant. Because we relied on solar radiation as the main energy input, we were only able to apply this method during a small event and low flow. However, when additional (artificial) energy is available, the presented method is also applicable in larger streams, or during higher flow conditions.

scholarly journals What causes cooling water temperature gradients in a forested stream reach?

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 5361-5376 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Garner ◽  
I. A. Malcolm ◽  
J. P. Sadler ◽  
D. M. Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Stream Temperature ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Deciduous Woodland ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Energy Gains

Abstract. Previous studies have suggested that shading by riparian vegetation may reduce maximum water temperatures and provide refugia for temperature-sensitive aquatic organisms. Longitudinal cooling gradients have been observed during the daytime for stream reaches shaded by coniferous trees downstream of clear cuts or deciduous woodland downstream of open moorland. However, little is known about the energy exchange processes that drive such gradients, especially in semi-natural woodland contexts without confounding cool groundwater inflows. To address this gap, this study quantified and modelled variability in stream temperature and heat fluxes along an upland reach of the Girnock Burn (a tributary of the Aberdeenshire Dee, Scotland) where riparian land use transitions from open moorland to semi-natural, predominantly deciduous woodland. Observations were made along a 1050 m reach using a spatially distributed network of 10 water temperature data loggers, 3 automatic weather stations and 211 hemispherical photographs that were used to estimate incoming solar radiation. These data parameterised a high-resolution energy flux model incorporating flow routing, which predicted spatio-temporal variability in stream temperature. Variability in stream temperature was controlled largely by energy fluxes at the water-column–atmosphere interface. Net energy gains occurred along the reach, predominantly during daylight hours, and heat exchange across the bed–water-column interface accounted for <1% of the net energy budget. For periods when daytime net radiation gains were high (under clear skies), differences between water temperature observations increased in the streamwise direction; a maximum instantaneous difference of 2.5 °C was observed between the upstream reach boundary and 1050 m downstream. Furthermore, daily maximum water temperature at 1050 m downstream was ≤1 °C cooler than at the upstream reach boundary and lagged by >1 h. Temperature gradients were not generated by cooling of stream water but rather by a combination of reduced rates of heating in the woodland reach and advection of cooler (overnight and early morning) water from the upstream moorland catchment. Longitudinal thermal gradients were indistinct at night and on days when net radiation gains were low (under overcast skies), thus when changes in net energy gains or losses did not vary significantly in space and time, and heat advected into the reach was reasonably consistent. The findings of the study and the modelling approach employed are useful tools for assessing optimal planting strategies for mitigating against ecologically damaging stream temperature maxima.

Water Temperature Fluctuations and Seasonal Periodicity of Cladophora and Potamogeton in Shallow Rivers

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 866-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. L. Wong ◽  
B. Clark ◽  
M. Kirby ◽  
R. F. Kosciuw
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Daily Temperature ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum Temperature ◽  
Potamogeton Pectinatus ◽  
Management Technique ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Seasonal Temperature ◽  
Seasonal Periodicity

The influence of water temperature on nuisance plant species in seven river systems in southwestern Ontario was investigated. Nutrients were not limiting. The study period covered the low flow season from May to September, 1973–76. A community dominated by Cladophora glomerata in late spring is usually replaced by a Potamogeton pectinatus dominated community. The tolerance limits of C. glomerata and P. pectinatus at fixed values of the daily mean or daily maximum temperature change with the daily temperature range. Two methods of predicting daily range were derived. An intermediate seasonal temperature (18–22 °C, < 4 °C daily temperature fluctuation) supported a mixed plant community. Maintenance of appropriate temperature conditions could provide a management technique for controlling nuisance plant growths or for establishing a diverse community in shallow rivers. Key words: Potamogeton, Cladophora, temperature, seasonal periodicity, rivers

scholarly journals Oversummer growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) across a natural gradient of stream water temperature and prey availability: an in situ enclosure experiment

2020 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 413-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Lusardi ◽  
Bruce G. Hammock ◽  
Carson A. Jeffres ◽  
Randy A. Dahlgren ◽  
Joseph D. Kiernan
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Prey Availability ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Oncorhynchus Kisutch ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Growth And Survival

Conservation efforts for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) increasingly prioritize maintenance of cool water temperatures that protect all freshwater life stages. However, development of appropriate temperature standards requires a robust understanding of the interactions among water temperature, ecosystem productivity, and fish performance. We used a series of in situ enclosures to examine how natural spatiotemporal gradients in thermal conditions and prey availability affected the summer growth and survival of age-0+ coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Coho salmon absolute growth rates peaked at a mean daily average water temperature (mean T) of 16.6 °C and an associated maximum weekly maximum temperature (MWMT) of 21.1 °C. Juvenile growth under these thermal conditions was sixfold greater than the growth rates observed for conspecifics rearing in the coolest study reach (mean T = 13.0 °C; MWMT = 16.0 °C). Even at the highest rearing temperature (mean T = 18.1 °C; MWMT = 24.0 °C), growth rates remained positive and above the study-wide average, although overall survival was reduced. Among the predictor variables examined, invertebrate prey abundance was the predominant factor influencing age-0+ coho salmon growth. These results suggest that abundant prey resources may mitigate the negative effects of elevated water temperature on fish growth in riverine environments. Given the likelihood of increasing stream temperatures with climate change, productive ecosystems may provide critical refuges for juvenile salmonids.

scholarly journals Water Temperature and Hydrological Modelling in the Context of Environmental Flows and Future Climate Change: Case Study of the Wilmot River (Canada)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2101
Author(s):  
Christian Charron ◽  
André St-Hilaire ◽  
Taha B.M.J. Ouarda ◽  
Michael R. van den Heuvel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Environmental Flows ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Water Abstraction ◽  
Surface Water Flow ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Rcp 8.5

Simulation of surface water flow and temperature under a non-stationary, anthropogenically impacted climate is critical for water resource decision makers, especially in the context of environmental flow determination. Two climate change scenarios were employed to predict streamflow and temperature: RCP 8.5, the most pessimistic with regards to climate change, and RCP 4.5, a more optimistic scenario where greenhouse gas emissions peak in 2040. Two periods, 2018–2050 and 2051–2100, were also evaluated. In Canada, a number of modelling studies have shown that many regions will likely be faced with higher winter flow and lower summer flows. The CEQUEAU hydrological and water temperature model was calibrated and validated for the Wilmot River, Canada, using historic data for flow and temperature. Total annual precipitation in the region was found to remain stable under RCP 4.5 and increase over time under RCP 8.5. Median stream flow was expected to increase over present levels in the low flow months of August and September. However, increased climate variability led to higher numbers of periodic extreme low flow events and little change to the frequency of extreme high flow events. The effective increase in water temperature was four-fold greater in winter with an approximate mean difference of 4 °C, while the change was only 1 °C in summer. Overall implications for native coldwater fishes and water abstraction are not severe, except for the potential for more variability, and hence periodic extreme low flow/high temperature events.

Effects of riffle–step restoration on hyporheic zone chemistry in N-rich lowland streams

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamao Kasahara ◽  
Alan R Hill
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hyporheic Zone ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hyporheic Exchange ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Exchange Flow ◽  
Nutrient Inputs ◽  
Lowland Streams ◽  
Hyporheic Zones

Stream restoration projects that aim to rehabilitate ecosystem health have not considered surface–subsurface linkages, although stream water and groundwater interaction has an important role in sustaining stream ecosystem functions. The present study examined the effect of constructed riffles and a step on hyporheic exchange flow and chemistry in restored reaches of several N-rich agricultural and urban streams in southern Ontario. Hydrometric data collected from a network of piezometers and conservative tracer releases indicated that the constructed riffles and steps were effective in inducing hyporheic exchange. However, despite the use of cobbles and boulders in the riffle construction, high stream dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were depleted rapidly with depth into the hyporheic zones. Differences between observed and predicted nitrate concentrations based on conservative ion concentration patterns indicated that these hyporheic zones were also nitrate sinks. Zones of low hydraulic conductivity and the occurrence of interstitial fines in the restored cobble-boulder layers suggest that siltation and clogging of the streambed may reduce the downwelling of oxygen- and nitrate-rich stream water. Increases in streambed DO levels and enhancement of habitat for hyporheic fauna that result from riffle–step construction projects may only be temporary in streams that receive increased sediment and nutrient inputs from urban areas and croplands.

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