scholarly journals Attention as a Unitary Concept

Vision ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Adam Reeves
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Visual Searches ◽  
Modeling Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Unitary Concept

In this paper, I discuss attention in terms of selecting visual information and acting on it. Selection has been taken as a bedrock concept in attention research since James (1890). Selective attention guides action by privileging some things at the expense of others. I formalize this notion with models which capture the relationship between input and output under the control of spatial and temporal attention, by attenuating or discarding certain inputs and by weighing energetic costs, speed, and accuracy in meeting pre-chosen goals. Examples are given from everyday visually guided actions, and from modeling data obtained from visual searches through temporal and spatial arrays and related research. The relation between selection, as defined here, and other forms of attention is discussed at the end.

scholarly journals MSNet: A Multi-Stream Fusion Network for Remote Sensing Spatiotemporal Fusion Based on Transformer and Convolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3724
Author(s):  
Weisheng Li ◽  
Dongwen Cao ◽  
Yidong Peng ◽  
Chao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Fusion Method ◽  
Remote Sensing Images ◽  
Spectral Angle Mapper ◽  
Convolution Operation ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spectral Angle

Remote sensing products with high temporal and spatial resolution can be hardly obtained under the constrains of existing technology and cost. Therefore, the spatiotemporal fusion of remote sensing images has attracted considerable attention. Spatiotemporal fusion algorithms based on deep learning have gradually developed, but they also face some problems. For example, the amount of data affects the model’s ability to learn, and the robustness of the model is not high. The features extracted through the convolution operation alone are insufficient, and the complex fusion method also introduces noise. To solve these problems, we propose a multi-stream fusion network for remote sensing spatiotemporal fusion based on Transformer and convolution, called MSNet. We introduce the structure of the Transformer, which aims to learn the global temporal correlation of the image. At the same time, we also use a convolutional neural network to establish the relationship between input and output and to extract features. Finally, we adopt the fusion method of average weighting to avoid using complicated methods to introduce noise. To test the robustness of MSNet, we conducted experiments on three datasets and compared them with four representative spatiotemporal fusion algorithms to prove the superiority of MSNet (Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) < 0.193 on the CIA dataset, erreur relative global adimensionnelle de synthese (ERGAS) < 1.687 on the LGC dataset, and root mean square error (RMSE) < 0.001 on the AHB dataset).

Humans and the Environment

2013 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Environmental Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Data ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The environment has always been a central concept for archaeologists and, although it has been conceived in many ways, its role in archaeological explanation has fluctuated from a mere backdrop to human action, to a primary factor in the understanding of society and social change. Archaeology also has a unique position as its base of interest places it temporally between geological and ethnographic timescales, spatially between global and local dimensions, and epistemologically between empirical studies of environmental change and more heuristic studies of cultural practice. Drawing on data from across the globe at a variety of temporal and spatial scales, this volume resituates the way in which archaeologists use and apply the concept of the environment. Each chapter critically explores the potential for archaeological data and practice to contribute to modern environmental issues, including problems of climate change and environmental degradation. Overall the volume covers four basic themes: archaeological approaches to the way in which both scientists and locals conceive of the relationship between humans and their environment, applied environmental archaeology, the archaeology of disaster, and new interdisciplinary directions.The volume will be of interest to students and established archaeologists, as well as practitioners from a range of applied disciplines.

scholarly journals Measuring Legacies of Collective Racial Violence

2021 ◽  
Vol 694 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Sarah Gaby
Keyword(s):  
Racial Violence ◽  
Spatial Proximity ◽  
Empirical Inquiry ◽  
Legacy Effect ◽  
Housing Segregation ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Racialized Violence ◽  
The Relationship

The “legacy effect” of lynchings and other forms of racialized violence has shaped patterns of inequality in America. While past studies have been relatively similar in their design—relating basic counts of lynchings to various contemporary outcomes—I argue for and demonstrate a more nuanced approach. I show that if we think of racialized violence as more than just the act of lynching, and consider both the temporal and spatial proximity between historic events of racial violence and contemporary inequality, we can establish this relationship in a more fulsome way. In the case of this study, the relationship is drawn to housing segregation. I argue that expanding the conceptualization of racial violence is critical for both empirical inquiry and shaping community efforts around redress.

A collective ethnographer: fieldwork experience in the Brazilian Northeast

2008 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lygia Sigaud
Keyword(s):  
Research Group ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Social World ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Fieldwork Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Brazilian Northeast ◽  
The Relationship

The article examines a 30-year experience of collective ethnography in the sugarcane plantations of Brazil's Northeast. Over this period, the research group has worked in different temporal and spatial contexts, continually exchanging its findings. The author draws on her experience as part of the research group in order to focus on the conditions of entering the field, the seasonal variations and geographic displacements, the research group's morphology and the overall implications for anthropological knowledge. Debates over ethnography have neglected the relationship between the social conditions in which anthropologists carry out their work and what they are able to write about the social world. This article sets out to fill this gap.

scholarly journals Insect photoreceptor adaptations to night vision

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1717) ◽  
pp. 20160077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Honkanen ◽  
Esa-Ville Immonen ◽  
Iikka Salmela ◽  
Kyösti Heimonen ◽  
Matti Weckström
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Insect Vision ◽  
Night Vision ◽  
Single Photons ◽  
Visually Guided ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Light Responses ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Retinal Photoreceptors ◽  
Physiological Adaptations

Night vision is ultimately about extracting information from a noisy visual input. Several species of nocturnal insects exhibit complex visually guided behaviour in conditions where most animals are practically blind. The compound eyes of nocturnal insects produce strong responses to single photons and process them into meaningful neural signals, which are amplified by specialized neuroanatomical structures. While a lot is known about the light responses and the anatomical structures that promote pooling of responses to increase sensitivity, there is still a dearth of knowledge on the physiology of night vision. Retinal photoreceptors form the first bottleneck for the transfer of visual information. In this review, we cover the basics of what is known about physiological adaptations of insect photoreceptors for low-light vision. We will also discuss major enigmas of some of the functional properties of nocturnal photoreceptors, and describe recent advances in methodologies that may help to solve them and broaden the field of insect vision research to new model animals. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.

Crustacean zooplankton species richness: single- and multiple-year estimates

1998 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 1573-1582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelley E Arnott ◽  
John J Magnuson ◽  
Norman D Yan
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Species Pool ◽  
Crustacean Zooplankton ◽  
Zooplankton Species ◽  
Asymptotic Approach ◽  
Sampling Programme ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Shield Lakes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Temporal Extent

Richness estimates are dependent on the spatial and temporal extent of the sampling programme and the method used to predict richness. We assessed crustacean zooplankton richness in eight Canadian Shield lakes at different temporal and spatial scales using three methods of estimation: cumulative, asymptotic, and Chao's index. Percent species detected increased with the number of spatial, intraannual, or interannual samples taken. Single samples detected 50% of the annual species pool and 33% of the total estimated species pool. This suggests that previous estimates of zooplankton richness, based on single samples in individual lakes, are too low. Our richness estimates for individual lakes approach the total number of zooplankton found in some regions of Canada, suggesting that each lake has most taxa at some time, the majority being very rare. Single-year richness estimates provided poor predictions of multiple-year richness. The relationship between richness and environmental variables was dependent on the method of estimation and the number of samples used. We conclude that richness should be treated as an "index" rather than an absolute and sampling efforts should be standardized. We recommend an asymptotic approach to estimate zooplankton richness because the number of samples taken influenced it less.

Effects of Ride Motion on the Speed and Accuracy of In-Vehicle Pointing Tasks

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1119-1123
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Rider ◽  
Bernard J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Principal Direction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Moving Vehicle ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Principal Axes ◽  
Vehicle Acceleration ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Terrain-induced vibration of a moving vehicle adversely affects the ability to quickly and accurately perform in-vehicle pointing tasks by altering the planned fingertip trajectory. The relationship between movement speed and accuracy is a result of the combined use of visual and somatosensory feedbacks which are used to discern movement deviations and make necessary compensatory movements. Participants (N=20) performed three-dimensional rapid pointing tasks under stationary and ride motion conditions to three touchpanel displays. Ride motion contributed to increased reaction and movement times and increased endpoint variability. Trajectory deviations were correlated to the principal direction of vehicle acceleration. Reaches orthogonal to the dominant vehicle acceleration exhibited larger endpoint variability, and reaches to the elevated touchpanel resulted in the largest variability across all motion conditions. Principal axes of endpoint ellipses were along the on-axis and off-axis directions of fingertip movement.

Listening Competency in the Workplace: A Model for Training

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn O. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Training Programs ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Worker Productivity ◽  
Behavioral Skill ◽  
Organizational Settings ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unitary Concept

Listening is a desirable skill in organizational settings; good listening can improve worker productivity and satisfaction. The challenge facing consul tants is how to train employees to be competent listeners. Although much research in listening has taken place over the last few years, little of that research addresses workplace listening directly and much is based on false assumptions: that listening is a unitary concept, that listening is a cognitive rather than behavioral skill, and that listening is a linear act. In a 10-year study, we developed a model of organizational listening competency that does apply directly to the workplace. It provides a basis for assessing listening abil ity largely through the observations of co-workers. The model emphasizes two effective behaviors: accuracy, that is, confirming the message sent; and sup port, that is, affirming the relationship between the speaker and the listener: This model serves as an effective basis for improving workplace listening, both through formal training programs and through individual workers' own efforts.

scholarly journals Which hand is mine? Discriminating body ownership perception in a two-alternative forced choice task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Chancel ◽  
H. Henrik Ehrsson
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spatial Congruence ◽  
Perception Action

The experience of one’s body as one’s own is referred to as the sense of body ownership. This central part of human conscious experience determines the boundary between the self and the external environment, a crucial distinction in perception, action, and cognition. Although body ownership is known to involve the integration of signals from multiple sensory modalities, including vision, touch and proprioception, little is known about the principles that determine this integration process, and the relationship between body ownership and perception is unclear. These uncertainties stem from the lack of a sensitive and rigorous method to quantify body ownership. Here, we describe a two-alternative forced choice discrimination task that allows precise and direct measurement of body ownership as participants decide which of two rubber hands feels more like their own in a version of the rubber hand illusion. In two experiments, we show that the temporal and spatial congruence principles of multisensory stimulation, which determine ownership discrimination, impose tighter constraints than previously thought and that texture congruence constitutes an additional principle; these findings are compatible with theoretical models of multisensory integration. Taken together, our results suggest that body ownership constitutes a genuine perceptual multisensory phenomenon that can be quantified with psychophysics in discrimination experiments.

scholarly journals El otro lado de la modernidad boliviana. "Vuelve Sebastiana" y la reconfiguración de las coordenadas espacio temporales para pensar la Nación

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 46-66
Author(s):  
Jaime Omar Salinas Zabalaga
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Cultural Transformation ◽  
National Imaginary ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Building Project ◽  
The Relationship

This article discusses the film Vuelve Sebastiana (1953) by Jorge Ruiz, focusing on its ideological and aesthetic aspects. The analysis establishes connections between the idea of “nation” in the context of cultural transformation prompted by the economic and social policies of the National Revolution of 1952 and the way the Chipaya community is represented. The central argument is that "Vuelve Sebastiana" can be read not only in relation to the new national identity but as an expression of a new national imaginary regarding the indigenous communities of the Altiplano. The author proposes that "Vuelve Sebastiana" represents the nation through the temporal and spatial cartographies of a modern nation-building project, making visible some of its tensions and contradictions and allowing us to explore the imaginary that has redefined the relationship between the State and the indigenous communities of the Altiplano throughout the  second half of the 20th century.

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