scholarly journals What Can Eye Movements Tell Us about Higher Level Comprehension?

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Anne E. Cook ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Discourse Processing ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Anaphor Resolution ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Theoretical Issues

The majority of eye tracking studies in reading are on issues dealing with word level or sentence level comprehension. By comparison, relatively few eye tracking studies of reading examine questions related to higher level comprehension in processing of longer texts. We present data from an eye tracking study of anaphor resolution in order to examine specific issues related to this discourse phenomenon and to raise more general methodological and theoretical issues in eye tracking studies of discourse processing. This includes matters related to the design of materials as well as the interpretation of measures with regard to underlying comprehension processes. In addition, we provide several examples from eye tracking studies of discourse to demonstrate the kinds of questions that may be addressed with this methodology, particularly with respect to the temporality of processing in higher level comprehension and how such questions correspond to recent theoretical arguments in the field.

Eye movements and on-line comprehension processes

2007 ◽  
pp. 326-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Staub ◽  
Keith Rayner
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Discourse Processing ◽  
Syntactic Processing ◽  
Secondary Tasks ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
On Line ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading ◽  
Variable Influence

Reading is a rather complex process, in which comprehension at a number of levels is essential. This article provides an overview of how different kinds of variable influence eye movements. Because eye movements are a natural part of the reading process, secondary tasks are not needed to make inferences about reading comprehension. Rather, information about where readers fixate in the text and how long they look at different parts of the text provides remarkably reliable data about comprehension at a number of levels. This article first examines the characteristics of eye movements during reading, and then looks at the different eye movement measures that are typically employed in reading research. It also examines the effects of lexical processing, syntactic processing, and discourse processing on eye movements. Thus, the focus is on comprehension at the word level, at the level of syntax, and at the level of higher-level discourse.

scholarly journals Role of expectation and working memory constraints in Hindi comprehension: An eyetracking corpus analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpit Agrawal ◽  
Sumeet Agarwal ◽  
Samar Husain
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Storage Cost ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Total Fixation ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Cost Metrics

We used the Potsdam-Allahabad Hindi eye-tracking corpus to investigate the role of word-level and sentence-level factors during sentence comprehension in Hindi. Extending previous work that used this eye-tracking data, we investigate the role of surprisal and retrieval cost metrics during sentence processing. While controlling for word-level predictors (word complexity, syllable length, unigram and bigram frequencies) as well as sentence-level predictors such as integration and storage costs, we find a significant effect of surprisal on first-pass reading times (higher surprisal value leads to increase in FPRT). Effect of retrieval cost was only found for a higher degree of parser parallelism. Interestingly, while surprisal has a significant effect on FPRT, storage cost (another prediction-based metric) does not. A significant effect of storage cost shows up only in total fixation time (TFT), thus indicating that these two measures perhaps capture different aspects of prediction. The study replicates previous findings that both prediction-based and memory-based metrics are required to account for processing patterns during sentence comprehension. The results also show that parser model assumptions are critical in order to draw generalizations about the utility of a metric (e.g. surprisal) across various phenomena in a language.

Eye movements in sports research and practice: Immersive technologies as optimal environments for the study of gaze behaviour

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Harris ◽  
Mark Wilson ◽  
Tim Holmes ◽  
Toby de Burgh ◽  
Samuel James Vine
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Successful Performance ◽  
Experimental Control ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Immersive Technologies

Head-mounted eye tracking has been fundamental for developing an understanding of sporting expertise, as the way in which performers sample visual information from the environment is a major determinant of successful performance. There is, however, a long running tension between the desire to study realistic, in-situ gaze behaviour and the difficulties of acquiring accurate ocular measurements in dynamic and fast-moving sporting tasks. Here, we describe how immersive technologies, such as virtual reality, offer an increasingly compelling approach for conducting eye movement research in sport. The possibility of studying gaze behaviour in representative and realistic environments, but with high levels of experimental control, could enable significant strides forward for eye tracking in sport and improve understanding of how eye movements underpin sporting skills. By providing a rationale for virtual reality as an optimal environment for eye tracking research, as well as outlining practical considerations related to hardware, software and data analysis, we hope to guide researchers and practitioners in the use of this approach.

scholarly journals Neurogastronomy as a Tool for Evaluating Emotions and Visual Preferences of Selected Food Served in Different Ways

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Jakub Berčík ◽  
Johana Paluchová ◽  
Katarína Neomániová
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Visual Design ◽  
Personal Interview ◽  
Visual Preferences ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Corporate Resources ◽  
Face Reading

The appearance of food provides certain expectations regarding the harmonization of taste, delicacy, and overall quality, which subsequently affects not only the intake itself but also many other features of the behavior of customers of catering facilities. The main goal of this article is to find out what effect the visual design of food (waffles) prepared from the same ingredients and served in three different ways—a stone plate, street food style, and a white classic plate—has on the consumer’s preferences. In addition to the classic tablet assistance personal interview (TAPI) tools, biometric methods such as eye tracking and face reading were used in order to obtain unconscious feedback. During testing, air quality in the room by means of the Extech device and the influence of the visual design of food on the perception of its smell were checked. At the end of the paper, we point out the importance of using classical feedback collection techniques (TAPI) and their extension in measuring subconscious reactions based on monitoring the eye movements and facial expressions of the respondents, which provides a whole new perspective on the perception of visual design and serving food as well as more effective targeting and use of corporate resources.

scholarly journals A Fast and Effective System for Analysis of Optokinetic Waveforms with a Low-Cost Eye Tracking Device

Healthcare ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Chong-Bin Tsai ◽  
Wei-Yu Hung ◽  
Wei-Yen Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Tracking Device ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is an involuntary eye movement induced by motion of a large proportion of the visual field. It consists of a “slow phase (SP)” with eye movements in the same direction as the movement of the pattern and a “fast phase (FP)” with saccadic eye movements in the opposite direction. Study of OKN can reveal valuable information in ophthalmology, neurology and psychology. However, the current commercially available high-resolution and research-grade eye tracker is usually expensive. Methods & Results: We developed a novel fast and effective system combined with a low-cost eye tracking device to accurately quantitatively measure OKN eye movement. Conclusions: The experimental results indicate that the proposed method achieves fast and promising results in comparisons with several traditional approaches.

Effects of aging and noncanonical form presentation on idiom processing: Evidence from eye tracking

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Katja I. Haeuser ◽  
Shari Baum ◽  
Debra Titone
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Idiom Comprehension ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Idiom Processing ◽  
Noncanonical Form

Abstract Comprehending idioms (e.g., bite the bullet) requires that people appreciate their figurative meanings while suppressing literal interpretations of the phrase. While much is known about idioms, an open question is how healthy aging and noncanonical form presentation affect idiom comprehension when the task is to read sentences silently for comprehension. Here, younger and older adults read sentences containing idioms or literal phrases, while we monitored their eye movements. Idioms were presented in a canonical or a noncanonical form (e.g., bite the iron bullet). To assess whether people integrate figurative or literal interpretations of idioms, a disambiguating region that was figuratively or literally biased followed the idiom in each sentence. During early stages of reading, older adults showed facilitation for canonical idioms, suggesting a greater sensitivity to stored idiomatic forms. During later stages of reading, older adults showed slower reading times when canonical idioms were biased toward their literal interpretation, suggesting they were more likely to interpret idioms figuratively on the first pass. In contrast, noncanonical form presentation slowed comprehension of figurative meanings comparably in younger and older participants. We conclude that idioms may be more strongly entrenched in older adults, and that noncanonical form presentation slows comprehension of figurative meanings.

scholarly journals Impaired Inhibitory Control of Saccadic Eye Movements in Cervical Dystonia: An Eye‐Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Carbone ◽  
Philipp Ellmerer ◽  
Marcel Ritter ◽  
Sabine Spielberger ◽  
Philipp Mahlknecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cervical Dystonia ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements

Effects of intensionality on sentence and discourse processing: Evidence from eye-movements

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 352-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Delogu ◽  
Francesco Vespignani ◽  
Anthony J. Sanford
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Discourse Processing

The Eyes Chico, They Never Lie – Using Eye-Tracking to Examine Faking on the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
Mitja Ružojčić ◽  
Zvonimir Galić ◽  
Antun Palanović ◽  
Maja Parmač Kovačić ◽  
Andreja Bubić
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Personnel Selection ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Conditional Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Test ◽  
Test Study ◽  
True Purpose ◽  
Response Alternatives

Abstract. To better understand the process of responding to the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT-A) and its implication for the test's use in personnel selection, we conducted two lab studies in which we compared test scores and eye movements of participants responding honestly and faking the test. Study 1 results showed that, although participants might try to respond differently to the CRT-A while faking, it remains an indirect and unfakeable measure as long as the test's purpose is undisclosed. Study 2 showed that revealing the true purpose of the CRT-A diminishes the test's indirect nature so the test becomes fakeable, solving it requires less attention and participants direct their eyes more to response alternatives congruent with the presentational demands.

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