scholarly journals Attention Combines Similarly in Covert and Overt Conditions

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Blair ◽  
Ristic
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Unexpected Events ◽  
Do So ◽  
Central Fixation

Attention is classically classified according to mode of engagement into voluntary and reflexive, and type of operation into covert and overt. The first distinguishes whether attention is elicited intentionally or by unexpected events; the second, whether attention is directed with or without eye movements. Recently, this taxonomy has been expanded to include automated orienting engaged by overlearned symbols and combined attention engaged by a combination of several modes of function. However, so far, combined effects were demonstrated in covert conditions only, and, thus, here we examined if attentional modes combined in overt responses as well. To do so, we elicited automated, voluntary, and combined orienting in covert, i.e., when participants responded manually and maintained central fixation, and overt cases, i.e., when they responded by looking. The data indicated typical effects for automated and voluntary conditions in both covert and overt data, with the magnitudes of the combined effect larger than the magnitude of each mode alone as well as their additive sum. No differences in the combined effects emerged across covert and overt conditions. As such, these results show that attentional systems combine similarly in covert and overt responses and highlight attention’s dynamic flexibility in facilitating human behavior.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Summer Water Temperature and Current Velocity on the Distribution of a Cold-Water-Adapted Sculpin (Cottus nozawae)

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Kaiji Suzuki ◽  
Nobuo Ishiyama ◽  
Itsuro Koizumi ◽  
Futoshi Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Climate Warming ◽  
Current Velocity ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
Water Abstraction

Clarifying the combined effects of water temperature and other environmental factors on the species distributions of cold-water fishes is the first step toward obtaining a better understanding of the complex impacts of climate warming on these species. In the present study, we examined the abundance and occurrence of the fluvial sculpin, Cottus nozawae, in response to water temperature along environmental gradients in northern Japan. The abundance survey was conducted in the Sorachi River catchment with two-pass electrofishing with a backpack electrofisher. For the occurrence survey, we carried out one-pass electrofishing in the Sorachi, Chitose, and Tokachi River catchments. Fish sampling was conducted once from July to August 2018 in the Sorachi River catchment, from May to June 2011 in the Chitose River catchment, and from July to September 2012 in the Tokachi River catchment. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and generalized linear models (GLMs) were used for the abundance and occurrence analyses, respectively. We found that the mean summer water temperature was the most influential factor on the distribution of C. nozawae; the abundance and occurrence were both negatively affected by increased water temperatures. In the occurrence model, occurrence probabilities of 0.9 and 0.5 for C. nozawae corresponded to mean summer temperatures of 12.0 and 16.1 °C, respectively. Furthermore, we identified a combined effect of water temperature and current velocity on the abundance of C. nozawae. The increased mean summer water temperature had a stronger negative effect on C. nozawae abundance under gentle flow conditions. While the precise mechanisms of this combined effect could not be determined in this study, stressors associated with low current velocities may increase their vulnerability to higher water temperatures. Our findings indicate that flow disturbances caused by human activities such as excessive water abstraction may exacerbate the negative impacts of climate warming on populations of C. nozawae in the future.

scholarly journals Unexpected events, predictive eye movements, and imitation learning

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 755-755
Author(s):  
A. Noyce ◽  
J. Maryott ◽  
R. Sekuler
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Imitation Learning ◽  
Unexpected Events

Movements of the Retinae of Jumping Spiders (Salticidae: Dendryphantinae) in Response to Visual Stimuli

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 471-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. LAND
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
Retinal Surface ◽  
Jumping Spiders ◽  
Spatial Alignment ◽  
Edge Detectors ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Stimulation Of ◽  
Central Fixation

1. Movements made by the principal eyes of jumping spiders (Phidippus and Metaphidippus spp.) have been investigated using an ophthalmoscopic technique which permits simultaneous observation and stimulation of the retinal surface. 2. The eye-movements are produced by six muscles. Four are attached to the carapace, and displace each retina latero-medially and dorso-ventrally. The remaining pair are thin bands of muscle which encircle the eye-tube. These twist the eye-tube, rotating the retina about the visual axis (torsion). 3. The nerve supplying these muscles contains only six axons. Each axon terminates in one of the six muscles. 4. Four types of eye-movements are observed. These are spontaneous activity, saccades, tracking and scanning. All movements are usually conjugate. 5. Spontaneous activity consists of a very variable, periodic side-to-side motion of the retinae. It is associated with states of high excitability, and occurs whether or not there is any structure in the field of view. 6. Saccades occur when a small stimulus (e.g. a dark dot) is presented to, or moved upon, the retinae of either the principal eyes or the antero-lateral eyes. In a saccade the retinae move towards the image of the target so that they come to rest with their central regions fixated on the target. 7. If the target moves the retinae track it, maintaining central fixation. 8. Scanning normally follows a saccade. It consists of an oscillatory, side-to-side movement of the retinae across the stimulus, with a period of 1-2 sec., and a simultaneous torsional movement in which the retinae partially rotate about the visual axes, through an angle of approximately 50° and with a period of 5-15 sec. 9. Jumping spiders distinguish other jumping spiders from potential prey by the geometry of their legs. It is suggested that scanning is a pattern-recognition procedure in which the torsional movements are concerned with the spatial alignment of line or edge detectors, and the horizontal component with providing relative motion between these detectors and the stationary stimulus.

The effect of theophylline on histamine H1 and H2 receptor mediated responses in rabbit atria

1981 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Polanin ◽  
John H. McNeill
Keyword(s):  
Left Atrial ◽  
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Cardiac Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Atria ◽  
Rabbit Atria

Rabbit isolated right and left atria were exposed to theophylline and to selected doses of histamine agonists. Right atrial rate and left atrial tension were increased by theophylline (3 × 10−4 M), the H1 agonist 2-pyridylethylamine (PEA) (1 × 10−4 M), and the H2 agonists 4-methylhistamine (1 × 10−4 M) and impromidine (1 × 10−8 M). In the right atria the combined effect of theophylline (3 × 10−4 M) and any of the histamine agonists was greater than the response to either agonist alone. However, the combined effects were not significantly greater than the sum of the individual right atrial responses. In the left atria the combined effect of theophylline (3 × 10−4 M) with any one of the histamine agonists was not only greater than the response to either agonist alone but was also significantly greater than the sum of the individual responses. The potentiation of the left atrial response to the H2 agonists by theophylline was significantly decreased by the H2 antagonist cimetidine (1 × 10−5 M). However, the potentiation of the left atrial response to the H1 agonist (PEA) by theophylline was not significantly altered by the H1 antagonist promethazine (2 × 10−6 M). Reports that the cardiac effects of H1 and H2 receptor agonists are potentiated by phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as theophylline as a result of increased cyclic AMP levels are not supported by the present study.

scholarly journals Combined Effects of Auditing and Discretionary Accruals on the Cost of Debt: Evidence From Spanish SMEs

SAGE Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 215824402110525
Author(s):  
Juan L. Gandía ◽  
David Huguet
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cost ◽  
Substitution Effect ◽  
Discretionary Accruals ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Cost Of Debt ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Relevant Effect ◽  
Accruals Quality ◽  
The Cost

Previous literature shows mixed evidence on the effect of discretionary accruals and auditing on the cost of debt. We hypothesize that, in the SMEs setting, auditing can act as a substitute for accruals quality, and thus audits may mitigate the effect of discretionary accruals on the cost of debt. Using a sample of Spanish SMEs, we find that auditing is negatively related with the cost of debt, while higher discretionary accruals are related with a lower cost of debt. Nonetheless, this effect is lower than that one observed for audits. When considering the combined effect of both variables, the effect of discretionary accruals is replaced by that of auditing. These results suggest that, among SMEs, discretionary accruals do not have a relevant effect on the cost of debt when companies are audited, supporting the hypothesis that there exists a substitution effect between discretionary accruals and auditing. JEL Classification: M42; G32

scholarly journals Anomaly Detection for Video Surveillance

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
Jagruti Tatiya ◽  
Riya Makhija ◽  
Mrunmay Pathe ◽  
Sarika Late ◽  
Prof. Mrunal Pathak
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Anomaly Detection ◽  
Video Surveillance ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Unexpected Events ◽  
Depth Sensors ◽  
Image Monitoring

Anomaly Detection is system which identifies inappropriate human behavior. One of the major problems in computer vision is identifying inappropriate human behavior. It is crucial as activity detection can help many numbers of applications. It can benefit applications like image monitoring, sign language recognization, object pursue and many more. Many alternatives are there such as low-cost depth sensors, but they do have some drawbacks such as limited indoor use also with lower resolution and clamorous depth information from deep images, it becomes nearly impossible to assess human poses. In order to resolve the above issues, the proposed system plans to utilize neural networks. One of the major research area is to recognize suspicious human behavior in video monitoring, in the field of computer vision. Several surveillance cameras are situated at places like airports, banks, bus station, malls, railway station, colleges, schools, etc to detect suspicious activities such as murder, heist, accidents, etc. It is a tedious job to detect and monitor these activities in crowded places, to trace real time human behavior and classify it into ordinary and unexpected scenarios the system needs to have a smart video surveillance. The experimental results show that the proposed methodology could assuredly detect the unexpected events in the video.

scholarly journals Visual Perception from Object Scanning as Revealed by Electrooculography

Ophthalmology ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 98-114
Author(s):  
Anwesha Banerjee ◽  
Ankita Mazumder ◽  
Poulami Ghosh ◽  
D. N. Tibarewala
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Fixational Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Processes ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Do So

We the human beings are blessed by the nature to become well competent for performing highly precise and copious visual processes with how ever a restricted field of view. Howbeit, this process of visual perception is, to a great extent, controlled by the saccades or more commonly the eye movements. The positioning and accommodation of eyes allows an image to be placed (or fixed) in the fovea centralis of the eyes but although we do so to fix our gaze at a particular object, our eyes continuously move. Even though these fixational eye movements includes magnitude that should make them visible to us yet we remain oblivious to them. Microsacades, drifts and tremors that occurs frequently during fixational eye movements, contribute largely to the visual perception. We use saccades several times per second to move the fovea between points of interest and build an understanding of our visual environment.

scholarly journals Combined effect of Sn addition and pre-ageing on natural secondary and artificial ageing of Al–Mg–Si alloys

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingpu Zhang ◽  
Meng Liu ◽  
Jiangwei Wang ◽  
Jixue Li ◽  
John Banhart
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Artificial Ageing ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Natural Ageing ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron

AbstractBoth Sn addition and pre-ageing are known to be effective in maintaining the artificial ageing potential after natural ageing of Al–Mg–Si alloys. In this study, the combined effects of Sn addition and pre-ageing at 100 °C or 180 °C on natural secondary ageing and subsequent artificial ageing of an alloy AA6014 were investigated using hardness, electrical resistivity, differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy characterizations. It is found that pre-ageing can suppress natural secondary ageing and improve the artificial ageing hardening kinetics and response after 1 week of natural secondary ageing in both alloys with and without Sn addition. The effect of pre-ageing at 100 °C is more pronounced in the Sn-free alloy while the combination of pre-ageing at 180 °C and adding Sn shows superiority in suppressing natural secondary ageing and thus avoiding the undesired hardening before artificial ageing. Moreover, when natural ageing steps up to 8 h are applied before pre-ageing at 100 °C, the effect of pre-ageing in Sn-added alloy can be further improved. The influence of Sn on vacancies at different ageing temperatures is discussed to explain the observed phenomena. Graphical abstract

scholarly journals The Efficacy of a Peptide Product from the Pituitary Gland of Rangifer tarandus as an Antioxidant Agent Under the Combined Effects of Light Desynchronosis and Depriming Toxicant

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 20-29
Author(s):  
E. G. Batotsyrenova ◽  
V. A. Kashuro ◽  
A. V. Sharabanov ◽  
V. K. Kozlov ◽  
A. L. Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Oxidative Status ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Protection ◽  
Chemical Factor ◽  
Sodium Thiopental ◽  
Peptide Product

The possibility of using methods for determining the oxidative status of an organism (enzymatic and non-enzymatic links of the cellular antioxidant system) to assess the antioxidant properties of peptides of the pituitary gland of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were investigated in an experimental study conducted with a combined effect of factors of different nature on rats: a physical factor — prolonged light desynchronosis (different light modes) and a chemical factor - acute severe poisoning with depriving toxicant (sodium thiopental, LD50). The pharmacological correction of the oxidative status of cells in the animals of the experimental subgroups was carried out with the peptide product of the pituitary gland, intranasally injecting the surviving rats with the bioproduct at a dose of 100 µg/kg, once in the first half of the objective day for 14 days after poisoning with sodium thiopental. The surviving animals of the control groups were similarly injected with saline. The effectiveness of the correction of the disruptions of the cellular oxidative status with the peptide product of the pituitary gland was tested 30 days after the onset of the combined effect of stress factors on rats. It was found that the use of this bioactive peptide product in experimental animals exposed to different light modes and a chemical factor contributed to a decrease in the initially increased indicators of lipid peroxidation in rat erythrocytes and an increase in the initially reduced indicators of the enzymatic link of antioxidant protection. The activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, as well as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased after pharmacological correction. The concentration of reduced glutathione also increased in erythrocytes. The maximum changes were observed in the experimental subgroup of rats exposed to the combined effects of constant illumination and depriming toxicant. It was also found that the revealed positive changes in the indicators of the enzymatic link of antioxidant protection in animals of the experimental subgroups are associated with the maintenance of a sufficient concentration of reduced glutathione in red blood cells, which contributed to the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, when the conditions of the external lighting regime are violated.

scholarly journals Evolutionary perspectives on human behavior during the coronavirus pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-186
Author(s):  
Martin Brüne ◽  
Daniel R Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Health ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Sickness Behavior ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Behavioral Immune System ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Evolutionary Perspectives ◽  
Do So

Abstract The coronavirus pandemic constitutes a global challenge to society and medicine. Here, we review evolutionary insights that are relevant for the understanding of how people respond to the pandemic and what to expect in the aftermath of the crisis. Specifically, we argue that the behavioral immune system (BIS) and sickness behavior (SB) comprise two adaptive responses to impending and actual infection, respectively, and that individuals activating their BIS differ from those showing SB in important ways that may have implications for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Moreover, we reframe some of the behavioral health issues associated with the pandemic in a game-theoretical scenario, illustrating the difficulties that arise when public health is treated as a ‘public good’. Lay summary: The coronavirus pandemic constitutes a global challenge to society and medicine. In this article, we employ evolutionary theory to improve our understanding of how people respond to the pandemic. Specifically, we argue that human behavior is guided by ancient mechanisms involving either the avoidance of infection or defense against attacks in times of enhanced vulnerability. Moreover, we reframe some of the behavioral health issues associated with the pandemic in a game-theoretical scenario. This helps understand why most people comply with rules of social distancing, while a minority fails to do so for very different reasons. The evolutionary perspective also allows making some predictions for the course of the pandemic.

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