scholarly journals Integrated Braking Control for Electric Vehicles with In-Wheel Propulsion and Fully Decoupled Brake-by-Wire System

Vehicles ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Marius Heydrich ◽  
Vincenzo Ricciardi ◽  
Valentin Ivanov ◽  
Matteo Mazzoni ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Continuous Control ◽  
Wheel Slip ◽  
Integrated Chassis Control ◽  
Robust Observers ◽  
Braking Control ◽  
Safety Features ◽  
Rule Based Approach

This paper introduces a case study on the potential of new mechatronic chassis systems for battery electric vehicles, in this case a brake-by-wire (BBW) system and in-wheel propulsion on the rear axle combined with an integrated chassis control providing common safety features like anti-lock braking system (ABS), and enhanced functionalities, like torque blending. The presented controller was intended to also show the potential of continuous control strategies with regard to active safety, vehicle stability and driving comfort. Therefore, an integral sliding mode (ISM) and proportional integral (PI) control were used for wheel slip control (WSC) and benchmarked against each other and against classical used rule-based approach. The controller was realized in MatLab/Simulink and tested under real-time conditions in IPG CarMaker simulation environment for experimentally validated models of the target vehicle and its systems. The controller also contains robust observers for estimation of non-measurable vehicle states and parameters e.g., vehicle mass or road grade, which can have a significant influence on control performance and vehicle safety.

Simulated and Experimental Comparisons of Slip and Torque Control Strategies for Regenerative Braking in Instances of Parametric Uncertainties

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxime Boisvert ◽  
◽  
Philippe Micheau ◽  
Didier Mammosser
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Rear Wheel ◽  
Torque Control ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Parametric Uncertainties ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Wheel Slip ◽  
Braking Control ◽  
Efficiency Map

<div class=""abs_img""> <img src=""[disp_template_path]/JRM/abst-image/00270003/02.jpg"" width=""340"" />Slip efficiency map & control law</div> A three-wheel hybrid recreational vehicle was studied for the purpose of regenerative braking control. In order to optimize the amount of energy recovered from electrical braking, most of the existing literature presents optimal methods which consist in defining the optimal braking torque as a function of vehicle speed. The originality of the present study is to propose a new strategy based on the control of rear wheel slip. A simulator based on MATLAB/Simulink and validated with experimental measurements compared the two strategies and their sensitivities to variations in mass, slope and road conditions. Numerical simulations and experimental tests show that regenerative braking based on a slip controller was less affected by the majority of the parametric changes. Moreover, since the slip was limited, the longitudinal stability of the vehicle was thereby improved. It thus becomes possible to ensure optimal energy recovery and vehicle stability even in instances of parametric uncertainties.

Designing and testing an advanced pneumatic braking system for heavy vehicles

2012 ◽  
Vol 227 (8) ◽  
pp. 1715-1729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan I Miller ◽  
Leon M Henderson ◽  
David Cebon
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Wheel Slip ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Braking System ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Heavy Goods Vehicles ◽  
Braking Control

Heavy goods vehicles exhibit poor braking performance in emergency situations when compared to other vehicles. Part of the problem is caused by sluggish pneumatic brake actuators, which limit the control bandwidth of their antilock braking systems. In addition, heuristic control algorithms are used that do not achieve the maximum braking force throughout the stop. In this article, a novel braking system is introduced for pneumatically braked heavy goods vehicles. The conventional brake actuators are improved by placing high-bandwidth, binary-actuated valves directly on the brake chambers. A made-for-purpose valve is described. It achieves a switching delay of 3–4 ms in tests, which is an order of magnitude faster than solenoids in conventional anti-lock braking systems. The heuristic braking control algorithms are replaced with a wheel slip regulator based on sliding mode control. The combined actuator and slip controller are shown to reduce stopping distances on smooth and rough, high friction ( μ = 0.9) surfaces by 10% and 27% respectively in hardware-in-the-loop tests compared with conventional ABS. On smooth and rough, low friction ( μ = 0.2) surfaces, stopping distances are reduced by 23% and 25%, respectively. Moreover, the overall air reservoir size required on a heavy goods vehicle is governed by its air usage during an anti-lock braking stop on a low friction, smooth surface. The 37% reduction in air usage observed in hardware-in-the-loop tests on this surface therefore represents the potential reduction in reservoir size that could be achieved by the new system.

scholarly journals Review on Braking Energy Management in Electric Vehicles

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4477
Author(s):  
Valery Vodovozov ◽  
Zoja Raud ◽  
Eduard Petlenkov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Management ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Braking Torque ◽  
Braking Control ◽  
Braking Process ◽  
Tire Friction

The adoption of electric vehicles promises numerous benefits for modern society. At the same time, there remain significant hurdles to their wide distribution, primarily related to battery-based energy sources. This review concerns the systematization of knowledge in one of the areas of the electric vehicle control, namely, the energy management issues when using braking controllers. The braking process optimization is summarized from two aspects. First, the advantageous solutions are presented that were identified in the field of gradual and urgent braking. Second, several findings discovered in adjacent fields of automation are debated as prospects for their possible application in braking control. Following the specific classification of braking methods, a generalized braking system composition is offered, and all publications are evaluated primarily in terms of their energy recovery abilities as a global target. Then, conventional and intelligent classes of braking controllers are compared. In the first category, classic PID, threshold, and sliding-mode controllers are reviewed in terms of their energy management restrictions. The second group relates to the issues of the tire friction-slip identification and braking torque allocation between the hydraulic and electrical brakes. From this perspective, several intelligent systems are analyzed in detail, especially fuzzy logic, neural network, and their numerous associations.

scholarly journals Adaptive backstepping sliding mode control for wheel slip tracking of vehicle with uncertainty observer

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 396-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxu Zhang ◽  
Jing Li
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Radial Basis Function ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Basis Function ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Wheel Slip ◽  
Adaptive Law ◽  
Radial Basis ◽  
Backstepping Sliding Mode Control ◽  
Braking Control

The wheel slip tracking control is the basis of automatic braking control systems, and the accurate tracking for the desired wheel slip in the presence of lumped uncertainty is a vital guarantee of automatic braking control systems reliable operation. Therefore, an adaptive backstepping sliding mode control approach with radial basis function neural network is proposed to design the nonlinear robust wheel slip controller based on a quarter-vehicle model with lumped uncertainty. The radial basis function neural network as the uncertainty observer can effectively reduce the chattering of sliding mode by estimating the lumped uncertainty, and the adaptive law for the unknown weight vector of radial basis function neural network is derived by Lyapunov-based method. The influence of changes in tire sideslip angle and camber angle on the tire -road friction coefficient acts as an unknown scaling factor, and the adaptive law for the unknown scaling factor is derived via Lyapunov-based method. Then, the performance of the proposed controller is verified through simulations of various maneuvers on a full-vehicle dynamics simulation software.

Multi-Lookup Table Based Regenerative Braking Strategy of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2010 ◽  
Vol 44-47 ◽  
pp. 1509-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Sheng Shi ◽  
Xiao Ping Zhang ◽  
Fuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicles ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Distribution Coefficients ◽  
Lookup Table ◽  
Regenerative Braking ◽  
Hybrid Electric ◽  
Braking Control ◽  
Novel Strategy

. In order to improve the energy efficiency of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, it is important to design a suitable regenerative braking strategy. There are many control strategies that have been developed and presented for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Most of them are aimed to energy flow management, and seldom involves regenerative braking control. In this paper, a regenerative braking strategy based on multi-lookup table method is proposed for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Decelerations are introduced as the index of Table Selector, so braking force distribution coefficients can be flexibly adjusted using the proposed strategy. Finally, the simulation results show the validity of the novel strategy.

scholarly journals Electronic Differential System Based on Adaptive SMC Combined with QP for 4WID Electric Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Wenjun Zhang ◽  
Zhuxing Liu ◽  
Qingzhang Chen
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Steering Mechanism ◽  
Parameter Modification ◽  
Differential Control ◽  
Adaptive Smc

This study investigates an adaptive differential control system for 4WID (4-wheel-independent-drive) electric vehicles. The novel adaptive system will maneuver the independently operating hub motors without the help of any conventional steering mechanism. The control system consists of a hierarchical structure to confront the vehicle stability condition, which includes a novel SMC (sliding mode control) with a fuzzy algorithm parameter modification to achieve the required virtual control signal at the top level, and a quadratic programming-based torque allocation algorithm at the bottom-level controller. The proposed controller was tested through Simulink/Carsim simulation and experiments. All the test cases showed the advantages of the proposed method over some of the currently existing 4WID control strategies.

An Investigation of Anti-Lock Braking Strategies for Heavy Goods Vehicles

1995 ◽  
Vol 209 (4) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S A Hardy ◽  
D Cebon
Keyword(s):  
Load Transfer ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Wheel Slip ◽  
Braking Performance ◽  
Air Suspension ◽  
Road Roughness ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Spring Suspension ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Braking Control

An articulated lorry was instrumented in order to measure its performance in straight-line braking. The trailer was fitted with two interchangeable tandem axle sub-chassis, one with an air suspension and the other with a steel monoleaf four-spring suspension. The brakes were only applied to the trailer axles, which were fitted with anti-lock braking systems (ABS), with the brake torque controlled in response to anticipated locking of the leading axle of the tandem. The vehicle with the air suspension was observed to have significantly better braking performance than the steel suspension, and to generate smaller inter-axle load transfer and smaller vertical dynamic tyre forces. Computer models of the two suspensions were developed, including their brakes and anti-lock systems. The models were found to reproduce most of the important features of the experimental results. It was concluded that the poor braking performance of the steel four-spring suspension was mainly due to interaction between the ABS and inter-axle load transfer effects. The effect of road roughness was investigated and it was found that vehicle stopping distances can increase significantly with increasing road roughness Two alternative anti-lock braking control strategies were simulated. It was found that independent sensing and actuation of the ABS system on each wheel greatly reduced the difference in stopping distances between the air and steel suspensions. A control strategy based on limiting wheel slip was least susceptible to the effects of road roughness

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document