scholarly journals Serological Humoral Immunity Following Natural Infection of Children with High Burden Gastrointestinal Viruses

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2033
Author(s):  
Mark R. Zweigart ◽  
Sylvia Becker-Dreps ◽  
Filemón Bucardo ◽  
Fredman González ◽  
Ralph S. Baric ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
High Burden ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
Host Genetic

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, resulting in an estimated 440,571 deaths of children under age 5 annually. Rotavirus, norovirus, and sapovirus are leading causes of childhood AGE. A successful rotavirus vaccine has reduced rotavirus hospitalizations by more than 50%. Using rotavirus as a guide, elucidating the determinants, breath, and duration of serological antibody immunity to AGE viruses, as well as host genetic factors that define susceptibility is essential for informing development of future vaccines and improving current vaccine candidates. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of disease burden and serological antibody immunity following natural infection to inform further vaccine development for these three high-burden viruses.

scholarly journals Review of Current Vaccine Development Strategies to Prevent Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 800-809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bindu M. Bennet ◽  
Jayanthi Wolf ◽  
Rodrigo Laureano ◽  
Rani S. Sellers
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Safety Data ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Clinical Safety ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Current Vaccine

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak that started in Wuhan, China, in 2019 resulted in a pandemic not seen for a century, and there is an urgent need to develop safe and efficacious vaccines. The scientific community has made tremendous efforts to understand the disease, and unparalleled efforts are ongoing to develop vaccines and treatments. Toxicologists and pathologists are involved in these efforts to test the efficacy and safety of vaccine candidates. Presently, there are several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in clinical trials, and the pace of vaccine development has been highly accelerated to meet the urgent need. By 2021, efficacy and safety data from clinical trials are expected, and potentially a vaccine will be available for those most at risk. This review focuses on the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development efforts with emphasis on the nonclinical safety assessment and discusses emerging preliminary data from nonclinical and clinical studies. It also provides a brief overview on vaccines for other coronaviruses, since experience gained from these can be useful in the development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. This review will also explain why, despite this unprecedented pace of vaccine development, rigorous standards are in place to ensure nonclinical and clinical safety and efficacy. [Box: see text]

scholarly journals On Statistical Power for Case-Control Host Genomic Studies of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Chung Lin ◽  
Jennifer D Brooks ◽  
Shelley B Bull ◽  
France Gagnon ◽  
Celia MT Greenwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Power ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Test Accuracy ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Infection Susceptibility ◽  
Genomic Studies ◽  
Treatment Plans ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Study Designs

The identification of genetic variation that directly impacts infection susceptibility and disease severity of COVID-19 is an important step towards risk stratification, personalized treatment plans, therapeutic and vaccine development and deployment. Given the importance of study design in infectious disease genetic epidemiology, we use simulation and draw on current estimates of exposure, infectivity and test accuracy of COVID-19 to demonstrate the feasibility of detecting host genetic factors associated with susceptibility and severity with published COVID-19 study designs. We demonstrate why studying susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection could be futile at the early stages of the pandemic. Our insights can aid in the interpretation of genetic findings emerging in the literature and guide the design of future host genetic studies.

scholarly journals Tuberculosis Vaccine Development: Progress in Clinical Evaluation

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraj B. Sable ◽  
James E. Posey ◽  
Thomas J. Scriba
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Clinical Evaluation ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
Development Trajectory ◽  
Airborne Disease

SUMMARY Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading killer among all infectious diseases worldwide despite extensive use of the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. A safer and more effective vaccine than BCG is urgently required. More than a dozen TB vaccine candidates are under active evaluation in clinical trials aimed to prevent infection, disease, and recurrence. After decades of extensive research, renewed promise of an effective vaccine against this ancient airborne disease has recently emerged. In two innovative phase 2b vaccine clinical trials, one for the prevention of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in healthy adolescents and another for the prevention of TB disease in M. tuberculosis-infected adults, efficacy signals were observed. These breakthroughs, based on the greatly expanded knowledge of the M. tuberculosis infection spectrum, immunology of TB, and vaccine platforms, have reinvigorated the TB vaccine field. Here, we review our current understanding of natural immunity to TB, limitations in BCG immunity that are guiding vaccinologists to design novel TB vaccine candidates and concepts, and the desired attributes of a modern TB vaccine. We provide an overview of the progress of TB vaccine candidates in clinical evaluation, perspectives on the challenges faced by current vaccine concepts, and potential avenues to build on recent successes and accelerate the TB vaccine research-and-development trajectory.

scholarly journals Mucosal Vaccination with UV-Inactivated Chlamydia suis in Pre-Exposed Outbred Pigs Decreases Pathogen Load and Induces CD4 T-Cell Maturation into IFN-γ+ Effector Memory Cells

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda F. Amaral ◽  
Khondaker S. Rahman ◽  
Andrew R. Kick ◽  
Lizette M. Cortes ◽  
James Robertson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Effector Memory ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Mucosal Vaccination ◽  
Chlamydia Suis ◽  
Ifn Γ

Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infections are the most frequent bacterial sexually transmitted disease, and they can lead to ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Despite these detrimental long-term sequelae, a vaccine is not available. Success in preclinical animal studies is essential for vaccines to move to human clinical trials. Pigs are the natural host to Chlamydia suis (Cs)—a chlamydia species closely related to Ct, and are susceptible to Ct, making them a valuable animal model for Ct vaccine development. Before making it onto market, Ct vaccine candidates must show efficacy in a high-risk human population. The high prevalence of human Ct infection combined with the fact that natural infection does not result in sterilizing immunity, results in people at risk likely having been pre-exposed, and thus having some level of underlying non-protective immunity. Like human Ct, Cs is highly prevalent in outbred pigs. Therefore, the goal of this study was to model a trial in pre-exposed humans, and to determine the immunogenicity and efficacy of intranasal Cs vaccination in pre-exposed outbred pigs. The vaccine candidates consisted of UV-inactivated Cs particles in the presence or absence of an adjuvant (TriAdj). In this study, both groups of vaccinated pigs had a lower Cs burden compared to the non-vaccinated group; especially the TriAdj group induced the differentiation of CD4+ cells into tissue-trafficking CCR7- IFN-γ-producing effector memory T cells. These results indicate that Cs vaccination of pre-exposed pigs effectively boosts a non-protective immune response induced by natural infection; moreover, they suggest that a similar approach could be applied to human vaccine trials.

Genetic influences on HIV infection: implications for vaccine development

Sexual Health ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miranda Z. Smith ◽  
Stephen J. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Susceptibility To Infection ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Host Genetic Factors

Human HIV infection is characterised by great variability in outcome. Much of this variability is due either to viral variation or host genetic factors, particularly major histocompatibility complex differences within genetically diverse populations. The study of non-human primates infected with well characterised simian immunodeficiency virus strains has recently allowed further dissection of the critical role of genetic influences on both susceptibility to infection and progression to AIDS. This review summarises the important role of many host genetic factors on HIV infection and highlights important variables that will need to be taken into account in evaluating effective HIV vaccines.

scholarly journals Rotavirus vaccines: an overview.

1996 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Midthun ◽  
A Z Kapikian
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Target Population ◽  
The United States ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Multivalent Vaccine ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Human Rotavirus

Rotavirus vaccine development has focused on the delivery of live attenuated rotavirus strains by the oral route. The initial "Jennerian" approach involving bovine (RIT4237, WC3) or rhesus (RRV) rotavirus vaccine candidates showed that these vaccines were safe, well tolerated, and immunogenic but induced highly variable rates of protection against rotavirus diarrhea. The goal of a rotavirus vaccine is to prevent severe illness that can lead to dehydration in infants and young children in both developed and developing countries. These studies led to the concept that a multivalent vaccine that represented each of the four epidemiologically important VP7 serotypes might be necessary to induce protection in young infants, the target population for vaccination. Human-animal rotavirus reassortants whose gene encoding VP7 was derived from their human rotavirus parent but whose remaining genes were derived from the animal rotavirus parent were developed as vaccine candidates. The greatest experience with a multivalent vaccine to date has been gained with the quadrivalent preparation containing RRV (VP7 serotype 3) and human-RRV reassortants of VP7 serotype 1, 2, and 4 specificity. Preliminary efficacy trial results in the United States have been promising, whereas a study in Peru has shown only limited protection. Human-bovine reassortant vaccines, including a candidate that contains the VP4 gene of a human rotavirus (VP4 serotype 1A), are also being studied.

A multi-method and structure-based in silico vaccine designing against Helicobacter pylori employing immuno-informatics approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anam Naz ◽  
Tahreem Zaheer ◽  
Hamza Arshad Dar ◽  
Faryal Mehwish Awan ◽  
Ayesha Obaid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Peptide Vaccines ◽  
Hla Alleles ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
H Pylori

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection and its treatment still remains a challenge to human health worldwide. A variety of antibiotics and combination therapies are currently used to treat H. pylori induced ulcers and carcinoma; however, no effective treatment is available to eliminate the pathogen from the body. Additionally, antibiotic resistance is also one of the main reasons for prolonged and persistent infection. Aim of the study: Until new drugs are available for this infection, vaccinology seems the only alternative opportunity to exploit against H. pylori induced diseases. Methods: Multiple epitopes prioritized in our previous study have been tested for their possible antigenic combinations, and results in 169-mer and 183-mer peptide vaccines containing the amino acid sequences of 3 and 4 epitopes respectively, along with adjuvant (Cholera Toxin Subunit B adjuvant at 5’ end) and linkers (GPGPG and EAAAK). Results: Poly-epitope proteins proposed as potential vaccine candidates against H. pylori include SabAHP0289-Omp16-VacA (SHOV), VacA-Omp16-HP0289-FecA (VOHF), VacA-Omp16-HP0289-SabA (VOHS), VacA-Omp16-HP0289-BabA (VOHB), VacA-Omp16-HP0289-SabA-FecA (VOHSF), VacAOmp16-HP0289-SabA-BabA (VOHSB) and VacA-Omp16-HP0289-BabA-SabA (VOHBS). Structures of these poly-epitope peptide vaccines have been modelled and checked for their affinity with HLA alleles and receptors. These proposed poly-epitope vaccine candidates bind efficiently with A2, A3, B7 and DR1 superfamilies of HLA alleles. They can also form stable and significant interactions with Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4. Conclusion: Results suggest that these multi-epitopic vaccines can elicit a significant immune response against H. pylori and can be tested further for efficient vaccine development.

scholarly journals Vaginal microbiome Lactobacillus crispatus is heritable among European American women

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle L. Wright ◽  
Jennifer M. Fettweis ◽  
Lindon J. Eaves ◽  
Judy L. Silberg ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
European Ancestry ◽  
P Value ◽  
European American ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
American Women ◽  
Lactobacillus Crispatus ◽  
Host Genetic ◽  
Host Genetic Factors ◽  
European American Women

AbstractThe diversity and dominant bacterial taxa in the vagina are reported to be influenced by multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors, including but not limited to pregnancy, contraceptive use, pathogenic states, socioeconomic status, and ancestry. However, the extent to which host genetic factors influence variation in the vaginal microbiota is unclear. We used a biometrical genetic approach to determine whether host genetic factors contribute to inter-individual differences in taxa from a sample of 332 twins who self-identified as being of African (44 pairs) or European ancestry (122 pairs). Lactobacillus crispatus, a major determinant of vaginal health, was identified as heritable among European American women (narrow-sense heritability = 34.7%, P-value = 0.018). Heritability of L. crispatus is consistent with the reduced prevalence of adverse reproductive disorders, including bacterial vaginosis and preterm birth, among women of European ancestry.

scholarly journals The Immune Correlates of Orthohantavirus Vaccine

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 518
Author(s):  
Joon-Yong Bae ◽  
Jin Il Kim ◽  
Mee Sook Park ◽  
Gee Eun Lee ◽  
Heedo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
Relative Paucity ◽  
Immune Correlates ◽  
Current Vaccine ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
Sense Of Urgency

Zoonotic transmission of orthohantaviruses from rodent reservoirs to humans has been the cause of severe fatalities. Human infections are reported worldwide, but vaccines have been approved only in China and Korea. Orthohantavirus vaccine development has been pursued with no sense of urgency due to the relative paucity of cases in countries outside China and Korea. However, the orthohantaviruses continuously evolve in hosts and thus the current vaccine may not work as well against some variants. Therefore, a more effective vaccine should be prepared against the orthohantaviruses. In this review, we discuss the issues caused by the orthohantavirus vaccine. Given the pros and cons of the orthohantavirus vaccine, we suggest strategies for the development of better vaccines in terms of pandemic preparedness.

Combined use of lactic-acid-producing bacteria as probiotics and rotavirus vaccine candidates expressing virus-specific proteins

2021 ◽  
Vol 166 (4) ◽  
pp. 995-1006
Author(s):  
Atefeh Afchangi ◽  
Tayebeh Latifi ◽  
Somayeh Jalilvand ◽  
Sayed Mahdi Marashi ◽  
Zabihollah Shoja
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Candidates ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Specific Proteins ◽  
Acid Producing Bacteria
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