scholarly journals Lack of Evidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spillover in Free-Living Neotropical Non-Human Primates, Brazil

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1933
Author(s):  
Lívia Sacchetto ◽  
Bárbara Aparecida Chaves ◽  
Edson Rodrigues Costa ◽  
Aline Souza de Menezes Medeiros ◽  
Marcelo Gordo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Stochastic Nature ◽  
Human Animal ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Wildlife Reservoir

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is responsible for the worst pandemic of the 21st century. Like all human coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 originated in a wildlife reservoir, most likely from bats. As SARS-CoV-2 has spread across the globe in humans, it has spilled over to infect a variety of non-human animal species in domestic, farm, and zoo settings. Additionally, a broad range of species, including one neotropical monkey, have proven to be susceptible to experimental infection with SARS-CoV-2. Together, these findings raise the specter of establishment of novel enzootic cycles of SARS-COV-2. To assess the potential exposure of free-living non-human primates to SARS-COV-2, we sampled 60 neotropical monkeys living in proximity to Manaus and São José do Rio Preto, two hotspots for COVID-19 in Brazil. Our molecular and serological tests detected no evidence of SAR-CoV-2 infection among these populations. While this result is reassuring, sustained surveillance efforts of wildlife living in close association with human populations is warranted, given the stochastic nature of spillover events and the enormous implications of SARS-CoV-2 spillover for human health.

scholarly journals Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus as an Agent of Emerging and Reemerging Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 660-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent C. C. Cheng ◽  
Susanna K. P. Lau ◽  
Patrick C. Y. Woo ◽  
Kwok Yung Yuen
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Natural Reservoir ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Randomized Control ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Amplification Host

SUMMARY Before the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003, only 12 other animal or human coronaviruses were known. The discovery of this virus was soon followed by the discovery of the civet and bat SARS-CoV and the human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1. Surveillance of coronaviruses in many animal species has increased the number on the list of coronaviruses to at least 36. The explosive nature of the first SARS epidemic, the high mortality, its transient reemergence a year later, and economic disruptions led to a rush on research of the epidemiological, clinical, pathological, immunological, virological, and other basic scientific aspects of the virus and the disease. This research resulted in over 4,000 publications, only some of the most representative works of which could be reviewed in this article. The marked increase in the understanding of the virus and the disease within such a short time has allowed the development of diagnostic tests, animal models, antivirals, vaccines, and epidemiological and infection control measures, which could prove to be useful in randomized control trials if SARS should return. The findings that horseshoe bats are the natural reservoir for SARS-CoV-like virus and that civets are the amplification host highlight the importance of wildlife and biosecurity in farms and wet markets, which can serve as the source and amplification centers for emerging infections.

scholarly journals Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Aydillo ◽  
Alexander Rombauts ◽  
Daniel Stadlbauer ◽  
Sadaf Aslam ◽  
Gabriela Abelenda-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

AbstractIn addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans are also susceptible to six other coronaviruses, for which consecutive exposures to antigenically related and divergent seasonal coronaviruses are frequent. Despite the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing research, the nature of the antibody response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unclear. Here we longitudinally profile the early humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and quantify levels of pre-existing immunity to OC43, HKU1 and 229E seasonal coronaviruses, and find a strong back-boosting effect to conserved but not variable regions of OC43 and HKU1 betacoronaviruses spike protein. However, such antibody memory boost to human coronaviruses negatively correlates with the induction of IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid protein. Our findings thus provide evidence of immunological imprinting by previous seasonal coronavirus infections that can potentially modulate the antibody profile to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Porcine Circovirus 3a Field Strains in Free-Living Wild Boars in Paraná State, Brazil

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1634
Author(s):  
Tatiana Carolina Gomes Dutra de Souza ◽  
Danielle Gava ◽  
Rejane Schaefer ◽  
Raquel Arruda Leme ◽  
Gisele da Silva Porto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Porcine Circovirus ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Living Animal ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
The World

Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3) was identified in domestic pigs worldwide. Although PCV-3 has also been detected in wild boars, information regarding its circulation in this free-living animal species is scarce. To investigate PCV-3 occurrence in free-living wild boars in Brazil, 70 serum samples collected between January 2017 and June 2019 in Paraná state, Brazil were analyzed by PCR assay. Amplicons measuring 330 bp in length were amplified in seven (10.0%) of the serum samples and confirmed to be PCV3-specific by nucleotide (nt) sequencing. As the amplified products from the serum samples yielded only intermediate levels of viral DNA, lung samples from the seven PCR-positive wild boars were also evaluated by PCR. Of these samples, five lung samples were positive and provided high levels of viral DNA. The three lung samples that presented the highest levels of viral DNA were selected for amplification and sequencing of the whole PCV-3 genome. The three full-length sequences obtained were grouped in PCV-3 clade “a”, and the sequences exhibited 100% nucleotide similarity among them. The PCV-3 field strains of this study showed nucleotide and amino acid similarities of 98.5–99.8% and 98.8–100%, respectively, with whole-genome PCV-3 sequences from around the world.

Measuring the Selective Utilization of Animal Species by Prehistoric Human Populations

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
The Past

To determine the pattern of selective utilization of animal species by prehistoric human populations, it is first necessary to quantify the relative importance of species of animals in the diet of prehistoric human groups through analysis of archaeologically recovered faunal samples. These values are then compared with estimates of the relative availability of different species of animals in the environment. Such estimates of the relative availability of animal species in prehistoric habitat situations, usually quantified in terms of biomass, are obtained by projecting data from modern analog situations into the past. When attempting to reconstruct prehistoric biotic communities in this manner, it is important to be aware of a number of possible sources of bias and to evaluate and apply modern wildlife data according to a set of interrelated principles. Sources of bias and criteria for selecting modern wildlife analog data are discussed.

scholarly journals Highlighting the Potency of Biosurfactants Produced by Pseudomonas Strains as Anti-Legionella Agents

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clémence Loiseau ◽  
Emilie Portier ◽  
Marie-Hélène Corre ◽  
Margot Schlusselhuber ◽  
Ségolène Depayras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Reverse Phase Hplc ◽  
Reverse Phase ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Culture Supernatants ◽  
Multispecies Biofilms

Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, is a waterborne bacterium mainly found in man-made water systems in close association with free-living amoebae and multispecies biofilms. Pseudomonas strains, originating from various environments including freshwater systems or isolated from hospitalized patients, were tested for their antagonistic activity towards L. pneumophila. A high amount of tested strains was thus found to be active. This antibacterial activity was correlated to the presence of tensioactive agents in culture supernatants. As Pseudomonas strains were known to produce biosurfactants, these compounds were specifically extracted and purified from active strains and further characterized using reverse-phase HPLC and mass spectrometry methods. Finally, all biosurfactants tested (lipopeptides and rhamnolipids) were found active and this activity was shown to be higher towards Legionella strains compared to various other bacteria. Therefore, described biosurfactants are potent anti-Legionella agents that could be used in the water treatment industry although tests are needed to evaluate how effective they would be under field conditions.

scholarly journals The first outbreak of brucellosis in the region of Sabac

2010 ◽  
Vol 67 (8) ◽  
pp. 634-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Markovic-Denic ◽  
Vesna Skodric-Trifunovic ◽  
Vladimir Zugic ◽  
Dragana Radojcic ◽  
Goran Stevanovic
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Epidemiological Methods ◽  
Human Brucellosis ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Military Medical Academy ◽  
Medical Academy ◽  
Laboratory Confirmation ◽  
The Military

Background/Aim. In Serbia brucellosis is a primary disease of the animals in the southern parts of the country. The aim of this study was to describe the first outbreak of human and animal brucellosis in the region of Sabac, Serbia. Methods. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to identify a source of outbreak and the ways of transmission of brucellosis infection in human population. A descriptive and analytical epidemiological methods (cohort study) were used. Additional data included monthly reports of the infectious diseases from the Institutes of Public Health and data from the Veterinary Specialistic Institute in Sabac. The serological tests for human brucellosis cases were performed in the Laboratory of the Military Medical Academy; laboratory confirmation of animal brucellosis cases was obtained from the reference laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Belgrade. Results. Twelve cases of brucellosis were recorded from February 9 to September 1, 2004. Total attack rate was 8.1% (7.5% of males, 14.2% of females). Relative risk (RR) of milk consumption was 8.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.63-13.38), and RR for direct contact with animals was 14 (95% confidence interval: 3.5-55.6). The prevalence of seropositive animals in 33 villages of the Macva region accounted for 0.8%. Regarding animal species, sheep were predominant - 264 (95.7%). Out of a total number of seropositive animals, ELISA results were positive in 228 (88.7%) of them. Conclusion. As contact epidemics generally last longer, it is probable that the implemented measures of outbreak control did reduce the length of their duration.

Structure of nucleoli in first-order spermatocytes of selected free-living animal species

2015 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 16-22
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Andraszek ◽  
Magdalena Gryzińska ◽  
Mariola Ceranka ◽  
Agnieszka Larisch
Keyword(s):  
Animal Species ◽  
Living Animal ◽  
Free Living ◽  
First Order

scholarly journals Repurposing Nucleoside Analogs for Human Coronaviruses

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. e01652-20
Author(s):  
Keivan Zandi ◽  
Franck Amblard ◽  
Katie Musall ◽  
Jessica Downs-Bowen ◽  
Ruby Kleinbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Rna Polymerase ◽  
Nucleoside Analogs ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

ABSTRACTCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious illness caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-2). Some reports claimed certain nucleoside analogs to be active against CoV-2 and thus needed confirmation. Here, we evaluated a panel of compounds and identified novel nucleoside analogs with antiviral activity against CoV-2 and HCoV-OC43 while ruling out others. Of significance, sofosbuvir demonstrated no antiviral effect against CoV-2, and its triphosphate did not inhibit CoV-2 RNA polymerase.

Temperate Deciduous Forests

Ecology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank S. Gilliam
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Forests ◽  
Plant Diversity ◽  
Net Primary Productivity ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Temperate Deciduous Forest ◽  
Temperate Deciduous ◽  
Temperate Deciduous Forests

Given the global distribution of human populations and their coincidence with temperate deciduous forests, it is likely that when most people consider the term “forest,” what comes to mind most frequently is the temperate deciduous forest biome. Although not to the level of their tropical counterparts, temperate deciduous forests typically display high plant biodiversity and rates of net primary productivity. They contrast sharply, however, with tropical forests in the distribution of biodiversity and productivity. In tropical forests, greatest plant diversity is associated with the vegetation of greatest productivity—trees. By contrast, the greatest plant diversity—up to 90 percent—in temperate deciduous forests occurs among the plants of least physical stature: the herbaceous species. Given the close association between these forests and their use by human populations, whether for food, fiber, habitat, or recreation, it is not surprising that they have been well studied, particularly in North America, and thus have a rich literature going back many years. However, for the very reason of that intensive use, temperate deciduous forests have proved to be an ecological moving target, as timber harvesting, air pollution, and introduced pests (e.g., insects and parasites) have represented a chronic assault on the structure and function of these ecosystems.

scholarly journals Systematic Comparison of Two Animal-to-Human Transmitted Human Coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiabao Xu ◽  
Shizhe Zhao ◽  
Tieshan Teng ◽  
Abualgasim Elgaili Abdalla ◽  
Wan Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Respiratory Epithelium ◽  
Global Health Security ◽  
Health Security ◽  
The World ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Human Coronaviruses ◽  
Tract Infections

After the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in the world in 2003, human coronaviruses (HCoVs) have been reported as pathogens that cause severe symptoms in respiratory tract infections. Recently, a new emerged HCoV isolated from the respiratory epithelium of unexplained pneumonia patients in the Wuhan seafood market caused a major disease outbreak and has been named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus causes acute lung symptoms, leading to a condition that has been named as “coronavirus disease 2019” (COVID-19). The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and of SARS-CoV caused widespread fear and concern and has threatened global health security. There are some similarities and differences in the epidemiology and clinical features between these two viruses and diseases that are caused by these viruses. The goal of this work is to systematically review and compare between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 in the context of their virus incubation, originations, diagnosis and treatment methods, genomic and proteomic sequences, and pathogenic mechanisms.

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